Xuejuan Jiang1, Kristina Tarczy-Hornoch2, Douglas Stram3, Joanne Katz4, David S Friedman5, James M Tielsch6, Saiko Matsumura7, Seang-Mei Saw8, Paul Mitchell9, Kathryn A Rose10, Susan A Cotter11, Rohit Varma12. 1. USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: xuejuanj@usc.edu. 2. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Ophthalmology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington. 3. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. 4. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. 5. Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. 6. Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC. 7. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore. 8. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore. 9. Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute, Sydney, Australia. 10. Discipline of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia. 11. Southern California College of Optometry, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, California. 12. Southern California Eyecare and Vision Research Institute, CHA Medical Group PC, Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence, ocular characteristics, and associated risk factors of moderate to high hyperopia in early childhood. DESIGN: Pooled analysis of individual participant data from population-based studies. PARTICIPANTS: Six- to 72-month-old multiethnic children who participated in 4 population-based studies of pediatric eye diseases. METHODS: The pooled studies conducted comparable parental interviews and ocular examinations including cycloplegic autorefraction. Presence of hyperopia was defined based on cycloplegic refractive error in the worse eye. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the association of potential risk factors with hyperopia risk. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence and odds ratios of moderate to high hyperopia (≥4.0 diopters [D]). RESULTS: Cycloplegic refraction was completed in 15 051 children 6 to 72 months of age. Among these children, the overall prevalence of moderate to high hyperopia (≥4.0 D) in the worse eye was 3.2% (95% confidence interval, 2.9%-3.5%), accounting for 15.6% of all hyperopia (≥2.0 D). Among children with moderate to high hyperopia, both eyes were affected in 64.4%, 28.9% showed spherical anisometropia of 1.0 D or more, and 19.5% showed astigmatism of 1.5 D or more. Among 36- to 72-month-old children with moderate to high hyperopia, 17.6% wore glasses. Prevalence of moderate to high hyperopia was slightly less in 12- to 23-month-old children and was relatively stable in children 24 months of age and older. Non-Hispanic and Hispanic white race and ethnicity, family history of strabismus, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and being a participant in the United States studies were associated with a higher risk of moderate to high hyperopia (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: By assembling similarly designed studies, our consortium provided robust estimates of the prevalence of moderate to high hyperopia in the general population and showed that in 6- to 72-month-old children, moderate to high hyperopia is not uncommon and its prevalence does not decrease with age. Risk factors for moderate to high hyperopia differ from those for low to moderate hyperopia (2.0-<4.0 D) in preschool children, with family history of strabismus and maternal smoking during pregnancy more strongly associated with moderate to high hyperopia than low to moderate hyperopia.
PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence, ocular characteristics, and associated risk factors of moderate to high hyperopia in early childhood. DESIGN: Pooled analysis of individual participant data from population-based studies. PARTICIPANTS: Six- to 72-month-old multiethnic children who participated in 4 population-based studies of pediatric eye diseases. METHODS: The pooled studies conducted comparable parental interviews and ocular examinations including cycloplegic autorefraction. Presence of hyperopia was defined based on cycloplegic refractive error in the worse eye. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the association of potential risk factors with hyperopia risk. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence and odds ratios of moderate to high hyperopia (≥4.0 diopters [D]). RESULTS: Cycloplegic refraction was completed in 15 051 children 6 to 72 months of age. Among these children, the overall prevalence of moderate to high hyperopia (≥4.0 D) in the worse eye was 3.2% (95% confidence interval, 2.9%-3.5%), accounting for 15.6% of all hyperopia (≥2.0 D). Among children with moderate to high hyperopia, both eyes were affected in 64.4%, 28.9% showed spherical anisometropia of 1.0 D or more, and 19.5% showed astigmatism of 1.5 D or more. Among 36- to 72-month-old children with moderate to high hyperopia, 17.6% wore glasses. Prevalence of moderate to high hyperopia was slightly less in 12- to 23-month-old children and was relatively stable in children 24 months of age and older. Non-Hispanic and Hispanic white race and ethnicity, family history of strabismus, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and being a participant in the United States studies were associated with a higher risk of moderate to high hyperopia (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: By assembling similarly designed studies, our consortium provided robust estimates of the prevalence of moderate to high hyperopia in the general population and showed that in 6- to 72-month-old children, moderate to high hyperopia is not uncommon and its prevalence does not decrease with age. Risk factors for moderate to high hyperopia differ from those for low to moderate hyperopia (2.0-<4.0 D) in preschool children, with family history of strabismus and maternal smoking during pregnancy more strongly associated with moderate to high hyperopia than low to moderate hyperopia.
Authors: Rohit Varma; Jennifer Deneen; Susan Cotter; Sylvia H Paz; Stanley P Azen; Kristina Tarczy-Hornoch; Peng Zhao Journal: Ophthalmic Epidemiol Date: 2006-08 Impact factor: 1.648
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Authors: Francesco Semeraro; Eliana Forbice; Giuseppe Nascimbeni; Salvatore Cillino; Vincenza Maria Elena Bonfiglio; Maria Elena Filippelli; Silvia Bartollino; Ciro Costagliola Journal: Front Pediatr Date: 2020-01-29 Impact factor: 3.418