Rafael Romeu-Mejia1,2, Christopher C Giza1,2,3, Joshua T Goldman4,5,6,7,8. 1. Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 2. UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 3. Department of Pediatrics/Pediatric Neurology, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 4. Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA. jgoldman@mednet.ucla.edu. 5. Department of Family Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. jgoldman@mednet.ucla.edu. 6. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. jgoldman@mednet.ucla.edu. 7. Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. jgoldman@mednet.ucla.edu. 8. Center for Sports Medicine, Orthopedic Institute for Children, Los Angeles, CA, USA. jgoldman@mednet.ucla.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The concussion public health burden has increased alongside our knowledge of the pathophysiology of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of mTBI pathophysiology and biomechanics and how these underlying principles correlate with clinical manifestations of mTBI. RECENT FINDINGS: Changes in post-mTBI glutamate and GABA concentrations seem to be region-specific and time-dependent. Genetic variability may predict recovery and symptom severity while gender differences appear to be associated with the neuroinflammatory response and neuroplasticity. Ongoing biomechanical research has shown a growing body of evidence in support of an "individual-specific threshold" for mTBI that varies based on individual intrinsic factors. The literature demonstrates a well-characterized timeframe for mTBI pathophysiologic changes in animal models while work in this area continues to grow in humans. Current human research shows that these underlying post-mTBI effects are multifactorial and may correlate with symptomatology and recovery. While wearable sensor technology has advanced biomechanical impact research, a definitive concussion threshold remains elusive.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The concussion public health burden has increased alongside our knowledge of the pathophysiology of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of mTBI pathophysiology and biomechanics and how these underlying principles correlate with clinical manifestations of mTBI. RECENT FINDINGS: Changes in post-mTBI glutamate and GABA concentrations seem to be region-specific and time-dependent. Genetic variability may predict recovery and symptom severity while gender differences appear to be associated with the neuroinflammatory response and neuroplasticity. Ongoing biomechanical research has shown a growing body of evidence in support of an "individual-specific threshold" for mTBI that varies based on individual intrinsic factors. The literature demonstrates a well-characterized timeframe for mTBI pathophysiologic changes in animal models while work in this area continues to grow in humans. Current human research shows that these underlying post-mTBI effects are multifactorial and may correlate with symptomatology and recovery. While wearable sensor technology has advanced biomechanical impact research, a definitive concussion threshold remains elusive.
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