Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK): New Insights in Breast Cancer.

The eukaryotic cell cycle via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has been considered as an effective signaling cascade pathway for anticancer therapy. In addition to the MAPK signaling pathway, the Rat Sarcoma Virus (Ras)/Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma (Raf)/MAPK-ERK kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is a signaling cascade that has a crucial role to play in cell survival and development of cancer, especially breast cancer. Novel drugs and clinical trials need to be investigated, taking into consideration the already studied genetic defects related to genesis of tumors in certain populations. The present review provides novel insights into current anticancer treatments involving the MAPK pathway.