Methods for Studying Gut Microbiota: A Primer for Physicians.

Human gastrointestinal tract contains a large variety of microbes, in particular bacteria. Studies in recent years have strongly suggested a role for these microbes, collectively referred to as gut microbiota, in the maintenance of homeostasis during health. In addition, alterations in gut microbiota have been reported in several diseases, including those related to the gastrointestinal tract and several systemic conditions, and are believed to play a pathogenetic role in at least some of these. Given the close association between the human gut and liver, the association with gut microbiota appears to be particularly strong for a wide variety of liver diseases. This piece, aimed primarily at physicians, reviews in brief the methods used to study gut microbiota, with particular emphasis on those that use sequences of bacterial 16S rRNA gene or its components.