A Garner-Purkis1, P Hine2, A Gamage3, S Perera3, M C Gulliford4. 1. King's College London, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, London, UK. Electronic address: aphragarnerpurkis@gmail.com. 2. Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Clinical Sciences Department, Liverpool, UK. 3. Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine, Sri Lanka, Management Development and Planning Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 4. King's College London, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, London, UK.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To compare predeparture tuberculosis (TB) screening policies, including screening criteria and screening tests, and visa requirements for prospective migrants to high-income countries that have low to intermediate TB incidence and high immigration. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review of policy documents. METHODS: We systematically identified high-income, high net-migration countries with an estimated TB incidence of <30 per 100,000. After initial selection, this yielded 15 countries which potentially had TB screening policies. We performed a systematic search of governmental and official visa services' websites for these countries to identify visa information and policy documents for prospective migrants. Results were summarized, tabulated, and compared. RESULTS: Programs to screen for active TB were identified in all 15 countries, but screening criteria and screening tests varied substantially between countries. Prospective migrants' country of origin represented an initial assessment criterion which generally focused on elevated TB incidence based on World Health Organization data but also focused on the countries of origin that sent the most migrants, and this varied between destination countries. Specific categories of migrants represented a second assessment criterion that focused on duration of stay and reasons for migration; the focus of which showed variation between the destination countries. Specific screening tests including medical examination and chest X-rays were used as the final stage of assessment, and there were differences between which tests were used between the destination countries. CONCLUSIONS: Current approaches to migrant TB screening are inconsistent in their approach and implementation. While this variation might reflect adaptation to local public health situations, it could also indicate uncertainty concerning optimal strategies. Comparative research studies are needed to define the most effective and efficient methods for TB screening of migrants.
OBJECTIVE: To compare predeparture tuberculosis (TB) screening policies, including screening criteria and screening tests, and visa requirements for prospective migrants to high-income countries that have low to intermediate TB incidence and high immigration. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review of policy documents. METHODS: We systematically identified high-income, high net-migration countries with an estimated TB incidence of <30 per 100,000. After initial selection, this yielded 15 countries which potentially had TB screening policies. We performed a systematic search of governmental and official visa services' websites for these countries to identify visa information and policy documents for prospective migrants. Results were summarized, tabulated, and compared. RESULTS: Programs to screen for active TB were identified in all 15 countries, but screening criteria and screening tests varied substantially between countries. Prospective migrants' country of origin represented an initial assessment criterion which generally focused on elevated TB incidence based on World Health Organization data but also focused on the countries of origin that sent the most migrants, and this varied between destination countries. Specific categories of migrants represented a second assessment criterion that focused on duration of stay and reasons for migration; the focus of which showed variation between the destination countries. Specific screening tests including medical examination and chest X-rays were used as the final stage of assessment, and there were differences between which tests were used between the destination countries. CONCLUSIONS: Current approaches to migrant TB screening are inconsistent in their approach and implementation. While this variation might reflect adaptation to local public health situations, it could also indicate uncertainty concerning optimal strategies. Comparative research studies are needed to define the most effective and efficient methods for TB screening of migrants.
Authors: Fatima Al-Hatimy; Abdulaziz Farooq; Mohamad Al Abiad; Shilpi Yerramsetti; Maryam Ali Al-Nesf; Chidambaram Manickam; Mohammed H Al-Thani; Al-Hareth Al-Khater; Waseem Samsam; Vidya Mohamed-Ali; Mohammed Al-Maadheed Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-02-17 Impact factor: 3.390