Ahmed AlBadri1, C Noel Bairey Merz2, B Delia Johnson3, Janet Wei4, Puja K Mehta1, Galen Cook-Wiens5, Steven E Reis3, Sheryl F Kelsey3, Vera Bittner6, George Sopko7, Leslee J Shaw1, Carl J Pepine8, Bina Ahmed9. 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. 2. Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: Noel.BaireyMerz@cshs.org. 3. Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 4. Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California. 5. Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. 6. Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. 7. Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. 8. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida. 9. Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Currently as many as one-half of women with suspected myocardial ischemia have no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), and abnormal coronary reactivity (CR) is commonly found. OBJECTIVES: The authors prospectively investigated CR and longer-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with and with no obstructive CAD in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) study. METHODS: Women (n = 224) with signs and symptoms of ischemia underwent CR testing. Coronary flow reserve and coronary blood flow were obtained to test microvascular function, whereas epicardial CR was tested by coronary dilation response to intracoronary (IC) acetylcholine and IC nitroglycerin. All-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure), and angina hospitalizations served as clinical outcomes over a median follow-up of 9.7 years. RESULTS: The authors identified 129 events during the follow-up period. Low coronary flow reserve was a predictor of increased MACE rate (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01 to 1.12; p = 0.021), whereas low coronary blood flow was associated with increased risk of mortality (HR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.24; p = 0.038) and MACE (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.20; p = 0.006) after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, a decrease in cross-sectional area in response to IC acetylcholine was associated with higher hazard of angina hospitalization (HR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.07; p < 0.0001). There was no association between epicardial IC-nitroglycerin dilation and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: On longer-term follow-up, impaired microvascular function predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with signs and symptoms of ischemia. Evaluation of CR abnormality can identify those at higher risk of adverse outcomes in the absence of significant CAD. (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation [WISE]; NCT00000554).
BACKGROUND: Currently as many as one-half of women with suspected myocardial ischemia have no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), and abnormal coronary reactivity (CR) is commonly found. OBJECTIVES: The authors prospectively investigated CR and longer-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with and with no obstructive CAD in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) study. METHODS: Women (n = 224) with signs and symptoms of ischemia underwent CR testing. Coronary flow reserve and coronary blood flow were obtained to test microvascular function, whereas epicardial CR was tested by coronary dilation response to intracoronary (IC) acetylcholine and IC nitroglycerin. All-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure), and angina hospitalizations served as clinical outcomes over a median follow-up of 9.7 years. RESULTS: The authors identified 129 events during the follow-up period. Low coronary flow reserve was a predictor of increased MACE rate (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01 to 1.12; p = 0.021), whereas low coronary blood flow was associated with increased risk of mortality (HR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.24; p = 0.038) and MACE (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.20; p = 0.006) after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, a decrease in cross-sectional area in response to IC acetylcholine was associated with higher hazard of angina hospitalization (HR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.07; p < 0.0001). There was no association between epicardial IC-nitroglycerin dilation and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: On longer-term follow-up, impaired microvascular function predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with signs and symptoms of ischemia. Evaluation of CR abnormality can identify those at higher risk of adverse outcomes in the absence of significant CAD. (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation [WISE]; NCT00000554).
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