Sonali Bose1, Gregory B Diette2, Han Woo1, Kirsten Koehler3, Karina Romero1, Ana M Rule3, Barbara Detrick4, Emily Brigham1, Meredith C McCormack2, Nadia N Hansel5. 1. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. 2. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md. 3. Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md. 4. Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. 5. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md; Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md. Electronic address: nhansel1@jhmi.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Indoor fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) is linked to asthma morbidity; however, whether vitamin D status influences individual susceptibility to airborne exposures is unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine if vitamin D modifies the effects of indoor PM2.5 on asthma symptoms in urban children. METHODS: A total of 120 children aged 5 to 12 years with physician-diagnosed asthma were evaluated at baseline and every 3 months for 9 months. Indoor PM2.5, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH D) levels, and asthma symptoms were simultaneously assessed at each time point. Adjusting for confounders, generalized estimating equations assessed the 3-way interaction effects of 25-OH D, obesity, and PM on asthma symptoms. RESULTS: Children were of mean (standard deviation [SD]) age 9.7 (2.2) years, 36% were obese, and 95% self-reported black race. Mean (SD) PM2.5 indoor exposure was 38.2 (42.9) μg/m3 and 25-OH D was 19.1 (7.5) ng/mL. Three-way interaction models demonstrated significantly greater PM2.5-associated effects on daytime asthma symptoms only among obese children with low 25-OH D levels (odds ratio [OR]PM2.5 = 1.26, P = .049 at vitamin D = 15.5 ng/mL, increasingly stronger PM effects at levels <15.5 ng/mL). In homes with increased PM2.5, higher 25-OH D was associated with decreased symptom odds (eg, ORVitamin D = 0.87; P = .049 at PM2.5 = 52.5 μg/m3, increasingly protective effects >52.5 μg/m3) among obese children. CONCLUSIONS: Among obese urban children with asthma, low individual 25-OH D enhanced adverse respiratory effects associated with indoor PM2.5. In high PM2.5 environments, 25-OH D was protective against asthma symptoms. Optimizing vitamin D status in children may help reduce asthma morbidity driven by indoor air pollution.
BACKGROUND: Indoor fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) is linked to asthma morbidity; however, whether vitamin D status influences individual susceptibility to airborne exposures is unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine if vitamin D modifies the effects of indoor PM2.5 on asthma symptoms in urban children. METHODS: A total of 120 children aged 5 to 12 years with physician-diagnosed asthma were evaluated at baseline and every 3 months for 9 months. Indoor PM2.5, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH D) levels, and asthma symptoms were simultaneously assessed at each time point. Adjusting for confounders, generalized estimating equations assessed the 3-way interaction effects of 25-OH D, obesity, and PM on asthma symptoms. RESULTS:Children were of mean (standard deviation [SD]) age 9.7 (2.2) years, 36% were obese, and 95% self-reported black race. Mean (SD) PM2.5 indoor exposure was 38.2 (42.9) μg/m3 and 25-OH D was 19.1 (7.5) ng/mL. Three-way interaction models demonstrated significantly greater PM2.5-associated effects on daytime asthma symptoms only among obesechildren with low 25-OH D levels (odds ratio [OR]PM2.5 = 1.26, P = .049 at vitamin D = 15.5 ng/mL, increasingly stronger PM effects at levels <15.5 ng/mL). In homes with increased PM2.5, higher 25-OH D was associated with decreased symptom odds (eg, ORVitamin D = 0.87; P = .049 at PM2.5 = 52.5 μg/m3, increasingly protective effects >52.5 μg/m3) among obesechildren. CONCLUSIONS: Among obese urbanchildren with asthma, low individual 25-OH D enhanced adverse respiratory effects associated with indoor PM2.5. In high PM2.5 environments, 25-OH D was protective against asthma symptoms. Optimizing vitamin D status in children may help reduce asthma morbidity driven by indoor air pollution.
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