Steven K Malin1,2, Emily L Kullman1,3, Amanda R Scelsi1, Jean-Philippe Godin4, Alastair B Ross5, John P Kirwan1,6. 1. Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. 2. Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA. 3. Department of Health and Human Performance, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA. 4. Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. 5. Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Chalmersplatsen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. 6. Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The effect of whole-grain (WG) versus refined-grain (RG) diets on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and β-cell function is unclear. METHODS: In a double-blind crossover randomized controlled trial, 13 prediabetic adults (37.2 ± 1.8 y, BMI: 33.6 ± 1.4 kg m-2 , 2 h glucose: 146.9 ± 11.6 mgdL-1 ) are provided isocaloric-matched WG and RG diets for 8-weeks each, with an 8-10 week washout between diets. Glucose, insulin, and C-peptide are studied over 240 min following a 75 g OGTT. Incretins (GLP-1 and GIP), PYY, and total ghrelin are assessed at 0, 30, and 60 min. Mixed-meal diets for carbohydrate (54%), fat (28%), and protein (18%) contain either WG (50 g/1000 kcal) or equivalent RG. RESULTS: Both diets induce fat loss (≈2 kg). While neither diet impacts early phase GSIS, the WG diet increases total GSIS (iAUC of C-peptide0-240 /Glc0-240 , p = 0.02) and β-cell function (disposition index; GSIS × insulin sensitivity, p = 0.02). GIP and PYY are unaltered by either diet, but GLP-1 is higher at 30 min following RG versus WG (p = 0.04). Ghrelin levels are higher at 60 min of the OGTT following both interventions (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: A WG-rich diet increases β-cell function independent of gut hormones in adults with prediabetes.
RCT Entities:
INTRODUCTION: The effect of whole-grain (WG) versus refined-grain (RG) diets on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and β-cell function is unclear. METHODS: In a double-blind crossover randomized controlled trial, 13 prediabetic adults (37.2 ± 1.8 y, BMI: 33.6 ± 1.4 kg m-2 , 2 h glucose: 146.9 ± 11.6 mg dL-1 ) are provided isocaloric-matched WG and RG diets for 8-weeks each, with an 8-10 week washout between diets. Glucose, insulin, and C-peptide are studied over 240 min following a 75 g OGTT. Incretins (GLP-1 and GIP), PYY, and total ghrelin are assessed at 0, 30, and 60 min. Mixed-meal diets for carbohydrate (54%), fat (28%), and protein (18%) contain either WG (50 g/1000 kcal) or equivalent RG. RESULTS: Both diets induce fat loss (≈2 kg). While neither diet impacts early phase GSIS, the WG diet increases total GSIS (iAUC of C-peptide0-240 /Glc0-240 , p = 0.02) and β-cell function (disposition index; GSIS × insulin sensitivity, p = 0.02). GIP and PYY are unaltered by either diet, but GLP-1 is higher at 30 min following RG versus WG (p = 0.04). Ghrelin levels are higher at 60 min of the OGTT following both interventions (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: A WG-rich diet increases β-cell function independent of gut hormones in adults with prediabetes.
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