Geochemical baseline establishment, environmental impact and health risk assessment of vanadium in lake sediments, China.

Lakes are essential water resources in China and their water quality is vital to the sustainability. However, the geochemical processes of trace elements, especially those of seldom-monitored trace elements, have not been adequately studied. Here, the regional geochemical baseline (RGB) of vanadium (V) was established using cumulative frequency and normalization methods. Then, the RGB was applied to quantitatively calculate the anthropogenic contribution rate in sediments of the Poyang Lake (PYL), which is the largest freshwater lake in China. The pollution level and ecological risk of V were evaluated using the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (EI) with respect to three different reference values, namely local soil background values (BV), the RGB, and the median value of V concentrations. The health risk of V accumulation in residents through fish consumption during sediment resuspension was assessed by combining the environmental impact assessment model and health risk assessment model. The mean concentration of V in PYL sediments was 94.37 mg/kg (33.80-148.53 mg/kg), which was slightly higher than the levels in stream sediments in China, but lower than the local BV. The calculated RGB was slightly higher than the average V content in PYL sediments, but similar to the local BV. The average anthropogenic contribution rate was calculated as 11.48%, demonstrating low anthropogenic influence. Moreover, the result of Igeo and EI showed that V in PYL sediments was uncontaminated and posed a low ecological risk. In addition, based on the calculation by the two models, the human health risk result (target hazard quotient <1) indicated that the average human health risk from fish consumption due to sediment resuspension was negligible.