Søren S Olesen1,2, Camilla Nøjgaard3, Jakob L Poulsen1, Stephan L Haas4, Miroslav Vujasinovic4, Matthias Löhr4, Björn Lindkvist4, Louise Bexander4, Antanas Gulbinas5, Evangelos Kalaitzakis6, Mohamed Ebrahim6, Friedemann Erchinger7,8, Trond Engjom8,9, Stine Roug10, Srdan Novovic3, Truls Hauge11,12, Anne Waage13, Johanna Laukkarinen14, Mikael Parhiala14, Aldis Pukitis15, Imanta Ozola-Zālīte15, Asbjørn M Drewes1,2. 1. Centre for Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark. 2. Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. 3. Department of Gastroenterology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. 4. Centre for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. 5. Institute for Digestive Research and Department of Surgery, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania. 6. Copenhagen University Hospital/Herlev, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 7. Voss Hospital, Department of Medicine, Voss, Norway. 8. Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 9. Haukeland University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Bergen, Norway. 10. Abdominalcenter K, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. 11. Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. 12. Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 13. Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. 14. Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland. 15. Centre of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterized by several disease-related complications and multiple etiological risk factors. Past studies of associations between complications and risk factors have mostly been limited to single complications or highly focused on single etiologies. Using an objective data-driven approach (cluster analysis), we characterized complication clusters and their associations with etiological risk factors in a large cohort of patients with CP. METHODS: This was a multicenter, cross-sectional study including 1,071 patients with CP from the Scandinavian and Baltic countries. Complications to CP were classified according to the M-ANNHEIM system, and treelet transform was used to derive complication clusters. Cluster complication frequencies were analyzed for their association with main etiological risk factors (smoking and alcohol). RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 57 years and 66% were men. Alcohol (55%) and smoking (53%) were the most common etiological risk factors and seen in combination in 36% of patients. Cluster analysis identified 3 distinct complication clusters characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and pancreatic insufficiencies. An independent association between inflammatory complications and alcoholic etiology was seen (odds ratio [OR] 2.00 [95% CI [confidence interval], 1.38-2.90], P < 0.001), whereas smoking was associated with fibrosis-related complications (OR 2.23 [95% CI, 1.56-2.3.20], P < 0.001) and pancreatic insufficiencies (OR 1.42 [95% CI, 1.00-2.01], P = 0.046). DISCUSSION: Three distinctive clusters of complications to CP were identified. Their differing associations with alcoholic and smoking etiology indicate distinct underlying disease mechanisms.
OBJECTIVES:Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterized by several disease-related complications and multiple etiological risk factors. Past studies of associations between complications and risk factors have mostly been limited to single complications or highly focused on single etiologies. Using an objective data-driven approach (cluster analysis), we characterized complication clusters and their associations with etiological risk factors in a large cohort of patients with CP. METHODS: This was a multicenter, cross-sectional study including 1,071 patients with CP from the Scandinavian and Baltic countries. Complications to CP were classified according to the M-ANNHEIM system, and treelet transform was used to derive complication clusters. Cluster complication frequencies were analyzed for their association with main etiological risk factors (smoking and alcohol). RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 57 years and 66% were men. Alcohol (55%) and smoking (53%) were the most common etiological risk factors and seen in combination in 36% of patients. Cluster analysis identified 3 distinct complication clusters characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and pancreatic insufficiencies. An independent association between inflammatory complications and alcoholic etiology was seen (odds ratio [OR] 2.00 [95% CI [confidence interval], 1.38-2.90], P < 0.001), whereas smoking was associated with fibrosis-related complications (OR 2.23 [95% CI, 1.56-2.3.20], P < 0.001) and pancreatic insufficiencies (OR 1.42 [95% CI, 1.00-2.01], P = 0.046). DISCUSSION: Three distinctive clusters of complications to CP were identified. Their differing associations with alcoholic and smoking etiology indicate distinct underlying disease mechanisms.
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