Traumatic Brachial Plexopathy in Athletes: Current Concepts for Diagnosis and Management of Stingers.

Traumatic upper trunk brachial plexopathy, also known as a stinger or burner, is the most common upper extremity neurologic injury among athletes and most commonly involves the upper trunk. Recent studies have shown the incidence of both acute and recurrent injuries to be higher in patients with certain anatomic changes in the cervical spine. In addition, despite modern awareness, tackling techniques, and protective equipment, some think the incidence to be slowly on the rise in contact athletes. The severity of neurologic injury varies widely but usually does not result in significant loss of playing time or permanent neurologic deficits if appropriate management is undertaken. Timely diagnosis allows implementation of means to minimize the risk of recurrent injury. It is important for treating physicians to understand the pathogenesis, evaluation, and acute and long-term management of stingers to improve recovery and minimize chronic sequela.