Nicola Krähenbühl1, Travis L Bailey1, Angela P Presson2, Chelsea McCarty Allen2, Heath B Henninger3, Charles L Saltzman1, Alexej Barg4. 1. Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, 590 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA. 2. Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA. 3. Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Utah, 590 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA. 4. Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, 590 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA. alexej.barg@hsc.utah.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Accurate identification of distal tibio-fibular syndesmotic injuries is essential to limit potential deleterious post-traumatic effects. To date, conventional radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown limited utilization. This cadaver study evaluates the utility of weight-bearing CT scans on the assessment of incomplete and more complete syndesmotic injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten male cadavers (tibial plateau to toe-tip) were included. Weight-bearing CTs were taken under four test conditions, with and without torque on the tibia (corresponding to external rotation of the foot and ankle). First, intact ankles (native) underwent imaging. Second, the anterior-inferior tibio-fibular ligament (AITFL) was transected (condition 1). Then, the deltoid ligament (condition 2) was transected, followed by the interosseous membrane (IOM, condition 3). Finally, the posterior-inferior tibio-fibular ligament (PITFL) was transected (condition 4). The medial clear space (MCS), the tibio-fibular clear space (TFCS), and the tibio-fibular overlap (TFO) were assessed on digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs), and on axial CT images. RESULTS: The TFO differentiated isolated AITFL transection from native ankles when torque was applied. Also under torque conditions, the MCS was a useful predictor of an additional deltoid ligament transection, whereas the TFCS identified cadavers in which the PITFL was also transected. CONCLUSION: Torque application helps to diagnose incomplete syndesmotic injuries when using weight-bearing CT. The TFO may be useful for identifying incomplete syndesmotic injuries, whereas the MCS and TFCS predict more complete injuries.
OBJECTIVE: Accurate identification of distal tibio-fibular syndesmotic injuries is essential to limit potential deleterious post-traumatic effects. To date, conventional radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown limited utilization. This cadaver study evaluates the utility of weight-bearing CT scans on the assessment of incomplete and more complete syndesmotic injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten male cadavers (tibial plateau to toe-tip) were included. Weight-bearing CTs were taken under four test conditions, with and without torque on the tibia (corresponding to external rotation of the foot and ankle). First, intact ankles (native) underwent imaging. Second, the anterior-inferior tibio-fibular ligament (AITFL) was transected (condition 1). Then, the deltoid ligament (condition 2) was transected, followed by the interosseous membrane (IOM, condition 3). Finally, the posterior-inferior tibio-fibular ligament (PITFL) was transected (condition 4). The medial clear space (MCS), the tibio-fibular clear space (TFCS), and the tibio-fibular overlap (TFO) were assessed on digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs), and on axial CT images. RESULTS: The TFO differentiated isolated AITFL transection from native ankles when torque was applied. Also under torque conditions, the MCS was a useful predictor of an additional deltoid ligament transection, whereas the TFCS identified cadavers in which the PITFL was also transected. CONCLUSION: Torque application helps to diagnose incomplete syndesmotic injuries when using weight-bearing CT. The TFO may be useful for identifying incomplete syndesmotic injuries, whereas the MCS and TFCS predict more complete injuries.
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