Construction of genetic linkage map and genome dissection of domestication-related traits of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia), a legume crop of arid areas.

The moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia), possibly the most primitive crop of the genus Vigna, is a highly drought- and heat-resistant legume grown in arid areas. Moth bean domestication involved phenotypic changes, including reduction of seed dormancy and pod shattering, increased organ size, and earlier flowering and maturity. However, the genetics of the domestication process in moth bean is not known. In this study, we constructed a genetic linkage map for moth bean and used the map to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for domestication-related traits of an F2 population of 188 individuals produced from a cross of wild moth bean (TN67) and cultivated moth bean (ICPMO056). The genetic linkage map comprised 11 linkage groups (LG) of 172 simple sequence repeat markers and spanned a total length of 1016.8 centiMorgan (cM), with an average marker distance of 7.34 cM. A comparative genome analysis showed high genome synteny between moth bean and mungbean (Vigna radiata), adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), rice bean (Vigna umbellata), and yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata). In total, 50 QTLs and 3 genes associated with 20 domestication-related traits were identified. Most of the QTLs belonged to five LGs (1, 2, 4, 7, and 10). Key traits related to domestication such as seed dormancy and pod shattering were controlled by large-effect QTLs (PVE > 20%) with one or two minor QTLs, whereas all other traits were controlled by one-seven minor QTLs, apart from seed weight, which was controlled by one major and seven minor QTLs. These results suggest that a small number of mutations with large phenotypic effects have contributed to the domestication of the moth bean. Comparative analysis of QTLs with related Vigna crops revealed that there are several domestication-related large-effect QTLs that had not been used in moth bean domestication. This study provides a basic genetic map and identified genome regions associated with domestication-related traits, which will be useful for the genetic improvement of the moth bean and related Vigna species.