A Inkeri Lokki1,2, Jenni Heikkinen-Eloranta3, Hanna Öhman4,5, Seppo Heinonen3, Heljä-Marja Surcel4,5, Henriette Svarre Nielsen6. 1. Immunobiology Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 2. Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. 3. Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 4. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. 5. Biobank Borealis of Northern Finland, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. 6. Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Maternal vitamin D level in pregnancy may have implications for both the mother and fetus. Deficiency of vitamin D has been linked to several pregnancy complications and fetal skeletal health. Smoking has been associated with reduced serum level of the vitamin D metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). DESIGN: A nested case-control study within the Finnish Maternity Cohort, a population-based cohort which includes first-trimester sera from 98 % of pregnancies in Finland since 1987. The selection consisted of women with uncomplicated pregnancies. We studied serum concentration of 25(OH)D in 313 non-smoking and forty-six self-reported smoking pregnant women. SETTING: We hypothesize that pregnant smokers may have an increased risk of low 25(OH)D levels especially during winter months. PARTICIPANTS: A control group from an unpublished pregnancy complication study consisting of 359 uncomplicated pregnancies. Individuals who reported that they do not smoke were considered 'non-smokers' (n 313) and those who reported continued smoking after the first trimester of pregnancy were considered 'smokers' (n 46). RESULTS: Smokers had significantly lower levels of 25(OH)D irrespective of sampling time (P<0·0001). Furthermore, during the low sun-exposure season, only 14 % of smokers met the guideline level of 40 nmol/l for serum 25(OH)D in comparison with 31 % of non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Expectant mothers who smoke have an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency during low sun-exposure months in northern regions. Further studies are needed to assess the associated risks for maternal and fetal health as well as possible long-term implications for the infant.
OBJECTIVE: Maternal vitamin D level in pregnancy may have implications for both the mother and fetus. Deficiency of vitamin D has been linked to several pregnancy complications and fetal skeletal health. Smoking has been associated with reduced serum level of the vitamin D metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). DESIGN: A nested case-control study within the Finnish Maternity Cohort, a population-based cohort which includes first-trimester sera from 98 % of pregnancies in Finland since 1987. The selection consisted of women with uncomplicated pregnancies. We studied serum concentration of 25(OH)D in 313 non-smoking and forty-six self-reported smoking pregnant women. SETTING: We hypothesize that pregnant smokers may have an increased risk of low 25(OH)D levels especially during winter months. PARTICIPANTS: A control group from an unpublished pregnancy complication study consisting of 359 uncomplicated pregnancies. Individuals who reported that they do not smoke were considered 'non-smokers' (n 313) and those who reported continued smoking after the first trimester of pregnancy were considered 'smokers' (n 46). RESULTS: Smokers had significantly lower levels of 25(OH)D irrespective of sampling time (P<0·0001). Furthermore, during the low sun-exposure season, only 14 % of smokers met the guideline level of 40 nmol/l for serum 25(OH)D in comparison with 31 % of non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Expectant mothers who smoke have an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency during low sun-exposure months in northern regions. Further studies are needed to assess the associated risks for maternal and fetal health as well as possible long-term implications for the infant.
Entities:
Keywords:
25-Hydroxyvitamin D; Pregnancy; Smoking; Vitamin D
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