Choon Chiat Oh1, Aizhen Jin2, Jian-Min Yuan3, Woon-Puay Koh4. 1. Department of Dermatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. Electronic address: oh.choon.chiat@singhealth.com.sg. 2. Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore. 3. Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 4. Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address: woonpuay.koh@duke-nus.edu.sg.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although epidemiologic studies in populations of European descent suggest a possible chemoprotective effect of caffeine against nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), data in Asian populations are lacking. OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationship of coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption with NMSC risk among Chinese in Singapore. METHODS: We used data from the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective cohort of 63,257 men and women who were 45 to 74 years old at recruitment from 1993 to 1998. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Coffee drinking was associated with reduced NMSC risk in a dose-dependent manner (P trend < .0001). Compared with those who drank coffee less than weekly, those who drank 3 or more cups per day had a lower risk of basal cell carcinoma (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.31-0.93) and a lower risk of squamous cell carcinoma (HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.13-0.84). Compared with nondrinkers of black tea, daily drinkers of black tea also had a reduced risk of NMSC (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52-0.94). Caffeine intake reduced NMSC risk in a stepwise manner (P trend = .0025); subjects with a caffeine intake of 400 mg/d or more had the lowest risk (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.34-1.04). CONCLUSION: Consumption of caffeinated drinks such as coffee and black tea may reduce the risk of NMSC among Chinese.
BACKGROUND: Although epidemiologic studies in populations of European descent suggest a possible chemoprotective effect of caffeine against nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), data in Asian populations are lacking. OBJECTIVES: We examined the relationship of coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption with NMSC risk among Chinese in Singapore. METHODS: We used data from the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a prospective cohort of 63,257 men and women who were 45 to 74 years old at recruitment from 1993 to 1998. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Coffee drinking was associated with reduced NMSC risk in a dose-dependent manner (P trend < .0001). Compared with those who drank coffee less than weekly, those who drank 3 or more cups per day had a lower risk of basal cell carcinoma (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.31-0.93) and a lower risk of squamous cell carcinoma (HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.13-0.84). Compared with nondrinkers of black tea, daily drinkers of black tea also had a reduced risk of NMSC (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52-0.94). Caffeine intake reduced NMSC risk in a stepwise manner (P trend = .0025); subjects with a caffeine intake of 400 mg/d or more had the lowest risk (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.34-1.04). CONCLUSION: Consumption of caffeinated drinks such as coffee and black tea may reduce the risk of NMSC among Chinese.
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