Designing Calcium-Binding Proteins for Molecular MR Imaging.

Early diagnosis, noninvasive detection, and staging of various diseases, remain one of the major clinical barriers to effective medical treatment and prevention of disease progression toward major clinical consequences. Molecular imaging technologies play an indispensable role in the clinical field in overcoming these major barriers. The increasing application of imaging techniques and agents in early detection of different diseases such as cancer has resulted in improved treatment response and clinical patient management. In this chapter we will first introduce criteria for the design and engineering of calcium-binding protein (CaBP) parvalbumin as a protein Gd-MRI contrast agent (ProCA) with unprecedented metal selectivity for Gd3+ over physiological metal ions. We will then discuss the further development of targeted MRI contrast agent for molecular imaging of PSMA biomarker for early detection of prostate cancer.