Exploring a new ammeter traceability route for ionisation chamber measurements.

We compared the performance of a commercial ammeter and a home-made integrating electrometer in reading ionisation chamber currents less than 100 pA. The integrating electrometer charges a capacitor with the unknown current and measures the resulting rate of change of voltage, whereas the ammeter uses a high-value resistor as the feedback element to an amplifier which converts current to voltage. The noise performance of both systems was very similar for averaging times less than 1000 s. Both systems were calibrated using a reference current source with 1 part per million (ppm) accuracy, revealing an error of 460 ppm in the electrometer indicated current, of unknown origin. This error is well within the uncertainty budget for radionuclide calibrations but much larger than the individual uncertainties in the traceable calibrations of capacitance, voltage, and time. The noise in the ionisation chamber current was much larger than the noise floor of both instruments, with tests providing strong indication that the excess noise originated in the high voltage source used for energising the chamber.