Jason Smucny1, Deanna M Barch2, James M Gold3, Milton E Strauss4, Angus W MacDonald5, Megan A Boudewyn6, J Daniel Ragland6, Steven M Silverstein7, Cameron S Carter6. 1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA. Electronic address: jsmucny@ucdavis.edu. 2. Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA. 3. Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Catonsville, USA. 4. Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. 5. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. 6. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA. 7. Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In recent years, psychiatry research has increasingly focused on understanding mental illnesses from a cross-diagnostic, dimensional perspective in order to better align their neurocognitive features with underlying neurobiological mechanisms. In this multi-site study, we examined two measures of cognitive control (d-prime context and lapsing rate) during the Dot Probe Expectancy (DPX) version of the AX-Continuous Performance Task in patients with either schizophrenia (SZ), schizoaffective disorder (SZ-A), or Type I bipolar disorder (BD) as well as healthy control (HC) subjects. We hypothesized significantly lower d-prime context and higher lapsing rate in SZ and SZ-A patients and intermediate levels in BD patients relative to HC. METHODS: 72 HC, 84 SZ, 77 SZ-A, and 58 BD patients (ages 18-56) were included in the final study sample. RESULTS: Significant main effects of diagnosis were observed on d-prime context (F(3,279) = 9.59, p < 0.001) and lapsing (F(3,279) = 8.08, p < 0.001). A priori linear contrasts suggesting intermediate dysfunction in BD patients were significant (p < 0.001), although post-hoc tests showed the BD group was only significantly different from HC on d-prime context. Group results for d-prime context remained significant after covarying for lapsing rate. Primary behavioral measures were associated with mania and disorganization symptoms as well as everyday functioning. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a continuum of dysfunction in cognitive control (particularly d-prime context) across diagnostic categories in psychiatric illness. These results further suggest that lapsing and d-prime context, while related, make unique contributions towards explaining deficits in cognitive control in these disorders.
BACKGROUND: In recent years, psychiatry research has increasingly focused on understanding mental illnesses from a cross-diagnostic, dimensional perspective in order to better align their neurocognitive features with underlying neurobiological mechanisms. In this multi-site study, we examined two measures of cognitive control (d-prime context and lapsing rate) during the Dot Probe Expectancy (DPX) version of the AX-Continuous Performance Task in patients with either schizophrenia (SZ), schizoaffective disorder (SZ-A), or Type I bipolar disorder (BD) as well as healthy control (HC) subjects. We hypothesized significantly lower d-prime context and higher lapsing rate in SZ and SZ-A patients and intermediate levels in BD patients relative to HC. METHODS: 72 HC, 84 SZ, 77 SZ-A, and 58 BD patients (ages 18-56) were included in the final study sample. RESULTS: Significant main effects of diagnosis were observed on d-prime context (F(3,279) = 9.59, p < 0.001) and lapsing (F(3,279) = 8.08, p < 0.001). A priori linear contrasts suggesting intermediate dysfunction in BD patients were significant (p < 0.001), although post-hoc tests showed the BD group was only significantly different from HC on d-prime context. Group results for d-prime context remained significant after covarying for lapsing rate. Primary behavioral measures were associated with mania and disorganization symptoms as well as everyday functioning. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a continuum of dysfunction in cognitive control (particularly d-prime context) across diagnostic categories in psychiatric illness. These results further suggest that lapsing and d-prime context, while related, make unique contributions towards explaining deficits in cognitive control in these disorders.
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