Ioana A Cristea1,2, Eli M Cahan3,4, John P A Ioannidis1,5,6,7,8. 1. Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, California. 2. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. 3. New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. 4. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. 5. Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California. 6. Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California. 7. Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California. 8. Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.