Crown Ethers as Transthyretin Amyloidogenesis Inhibitors.

Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric protein found in human serum and associated with amyloid diseases. Because the tetramer dissociation and misfolding of the monomer precede amyloid fibril formation, development of a small molecule that binds to TTR and stabilizes the TTR tetramer is an efficient strategy for the treatment of amyloidosis. Here, we report our discovery of the anti-TTR amyloidogenesis activities of crown ethers. X-ray crystallographic analysis, binding assay, and chemical cross-linking assay showed that 4'-carboxybenzo-18C6 (4) stabilized the TTR tetramer by binding to the allosteric sites on the molecular surface of the TTR tetramer. In addition, 4 synergistically increased the stabilization activity of diflunisal, one of the most potent TTR amyloidogenesis inhibitors. These experimental evidences establish that 4 is a valuable template compound as an allosteric inhibitor of TTR amyloidogenesis.