Laura Gauer Bermudez1, Lindsay Stark2, Cyril Bennouna3, Celina Jensen4, Alina Potts5, Inah Fatoumata Kaloga6, Ricardo Tilus7, Jean Emmanuel Buteau8, Mendy Marsh9, Anna Hoover10, Megan Laughlin Williams11. 1. Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Ave., Office 1120, New York, NY, 10027, USA. Electronic address: lgb2123@columbia.edu. 2. George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA. Electronic address: lindsaystark@wustl.edu. 3. Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Population and Family Health, 60 Haven Ave B-4 Suite 432, New York, NY, 10032, USA. Electronic address: cb2937@cumc.columbia.edu. 4. Care and Protection of Children (CPC) Learning Network, 60 Haven Ave B-4 Suite 432, New York, NY, 10032, USA. Electronic address: c.jensen@savethechildren.org.uk. 5. UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, Piazza della Santissima Annunziata, 12, 50121, Firenze, Italy. Electronic address: ap2707@columbia.edu. 6. UNICEF Haiti, 17 Rue Armond Holy, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Electronic address: ikaloga@unicef.org. 7. UNICEF Haiti, 17 Rue Armond Holy, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Electronic address: rricki663@gmail.com. 8. UNICEF Haiti, 17 Rue Armond Holy, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Electronic address: jeanemmanuel.buteau@yahoo.fr. 9. UNICEF, 3 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY, 10017, USA. Electronic address: mendy.marsh@gmail.com. 10. Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Population and Family Health, 60 Haven Ave B-4 Suite 432, New York, NY, 10032, USA. Electronic address: ah3443@cumc.columbia.edu. 11. Laughlin Williams Consulting 5221 Putney Way, Baltimore MD 21212. Electronic address: laughlin.megan@gmail.com.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Interpersonal violence affecting women and children is increasingly recognized as a public health priority in humanitarian emergencies. Yet, research and intervention efforts have been fragmented across gender-based violence and child protection sectors. Using data from the Transforming Households: Reducing Incidence of Violence in Emergencies (THRIVE) project, this study sought to qualitatively investigate the intersecting drivers of multiple forms of violence in Côteaux, Haiti, while obtaining insight on how these drivers may be influenced by a humanitarian emergency. METHODS: This analysis used transcripts obtained using a photo elicitation approach over the course of three sessions per person. Thirty-six individuals participated in the study: eight adult females, ten adult males, eight adolescent females, ten adolescent males. Participants were given cameras to capture images related to family relationships, family safety, and changes to family dynamics due to Hurricane Matthew and its aftermath. In subsequent sessions, these photographs were used as prompts for qualitative interviews. RESULTS: Multiple and converging drivers of interpersonal violence were identified including the accumulation of daily stressors, loss of power/control, learned behavior (intergenerational cycle of abuse), and inequitable gender norms, all of which were influenced by the humanitarian context caused by Hurricane Matthew. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest multiple and converging drivers of violence may be exacerbated in times of crises, requiring interdisciplinary responses. In order to comprehensively address the drivers of violence, practitioners and policy makers should consider the needs of individuals and their families holistically, integrating community-led, gender transformative efforts and positive parenting with basic needs provision.
OBJECTIVE: Interpersonal violence affecting women and children is increasingly recognized as a public health priority in humanitarian emergencies. Yet, research and intervention efforts have been fragmented across gender-based violence and child protection sectors. Using data from the Transforming Households: Reducing Incidence of Violence in Emergencies (THRIVE) project, this study sought to qualitatively investigate the intersecting drivers of multiple forms of violence in Côteaux, Haiti, while obtaining insight on how these drivers may be influenced by a humanitarian emergency. METHODS: This analysis used transcripts obtained using a photo elicitation approach over the course of three sessions per person. Thirty-six individuals participated in the study: eight adult females, ten adult males, eight adolescent females, ten adolescent males. Participants were given cameras to capture images related to family relationships, family safety, and changes to family dynamics due to Hurricane Matthew and its aftermath. In subsequent sessions, these photographs were used as prompts for qualitative interviews. RESULTS: Multiple and converging drivers of interpersonal violence were identified including the accumulation of daily stressors, loss of power/control, learned behavior (intergenerational cycle of abuse), and inequitable gender norms, all of which were influenced by the humanitarian context caused by Hurricane Matthew. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest multiple and converging drivers of violence may be exacerbated in times of crises, requiring interdisciplinary responses. In order to comprehensively address the drivers of violence, practitioners and policy makers should consider the needs of individuals and their families holistically, integrating community-led, gender transformative efforts and positive parenting with basic needs provision.
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