N E M Van Haren1,2, D S Van Dam3, R K Stellato4. 1. Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 2. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 3. Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 4. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lower intelligence quotient (IQ) has frequently been reported in patients with schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether IQ declines (further) after illness onset and what the familial contribution is to this change. Therefore, we investigate IQ changes during the course of illness in patients with non-affective psychosis, their siblings and controls. METHODS: Data are part of the longitudinal Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) study in the Netherlands and Belgium. Participants underwent three measurements, each approximately 3 years apart. A total of 1022 patients with non-affective psychosis [illness duration: 4.34 (s.d. = 4.50) years], 977 of their siblings, and 565 controls had at least one measure of IQ (estimated from four subtests of the WAIS-III). RESULTS: At baseline, IQ was significantly lower in patients (IQ = 97.8) and siblings (IQ = 108.2; p < 0.0001) than in controls (IQ = 113.0; p < 0.0001), and in patients as compared with siblings (p < 0.0001). Over time, IQ increased in all groups. In siblings, improvement in IQ was significantly more pronounced (+0.7 points/year) than in patients (+0.5 points/year; p < 0.0001) and controls (+0.3 points/year; p < 0.0001). IQ increase was not significantly correlated with improvement in (sub)clinical outcome in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: During the first 10 years of the illness, IQ increases to a similar (and subtle) extent in a relatively high-functioning group of schizophrenia patients and controls, despite the lower IQ in patients at baseline. In addition, the siblings' IQ was intermediate at baseline, but over time the increase in IQ was more pronounced.
BACKGROUND: Lower intelligence quotient (IQ) has frequently been reported in patients with schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether IQ declines (further) after illness onset and what the familial contribution is to this change. Therefore, we investigate IQ changes during the course of illness in patients with non-affective psychosis, their siblings and controls. METHODS: Data are part of the longitudinal Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) study in the Netherlands and Belgium. Participants underwent three measurements, each approximately 3 years apart. A total of 1022 patients with non-affective psychosis [illness duration: 4.34 (s.d. = 4.50) years], 977 of their siblings, and 565 controls had at least one measure of IQ (estimated from four subtests of the WAIS-III). RESULTS: At baseline, IQ was significantly lower in patients (IQ = 97.8) and siblings (IQ = 108.2; p < 0.0001) than in controls (IQ = 113.0; p < 0.0001), and in patients as compared with siblings (p < 0.0001). Over time, IQ increased in all groups. In siblings, improvement in IQ was significantly more pronounced (+0.7 points/year) than in patients (+0.5 points/year; p < 0.0001) and controls (+0.3 points/year; p < 0.0001). IQ increase was not significantly correlated with improvement in (sub)clinical outcome in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: During the first 10 years of the illness, IQ increases to a similar (and subtle) extent in a relatively high-functioning group of schizophreniapatients and controls, despite the lower IQ in patients at baseline. In addition, the siblings' IQ was intermediate at baseline, but over time the increase in IQ was more pronounced.
Authors: Anne-Kathrin J Fett; Eva Velthorst; Abraham Reichenberg; Camilo J Ruggero; Jennifer L Callahan; Laura J Fochtmann; Gabrielle A Carlson; Greg Perlman; Evelyn J Bromet; Roman Kotov Journal: JAMA Psychiatry Date: 2020-04-01 Impact factor: 21.596
Authors: Sonja M C de Zwarte; Rachel M Brouwer; Ingrid Agartz; Martin Alda; André Aleman; Kathryn I Alpert; Carrie E Bearden; Alessandro Bertolino; Catherine Bois; Aurora Bonvino; Elvira Bramon; Elizabeth E L Buimer; Wiepke Cahn; Dara M Cannon; Tyrone D Cannon; Xavier Caseras; Josefina Castro-Fornieles; Qiang Chen; Yoonho Chung; Elena De la Serna; Annabella Di Giorgio; Gaelle E Doucet; Mehmet Cagdas Eker; Susanne Erk; Scott C Fears; Sonya F Foley; Sophia Frangou; Andrew Frankland; Janice M Fullerton; David C Glahn; Vina M Goghari; Aaron L Goldman; Ali Saffet Gonul; Oliver Gruber; Lieuwe de Haan; Tomas Hajek; Emma L Hawkins; Andreas Heinz; Manon H J Hillegers; Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol; Christina M Hultman; Martin Ingvar; Viktoria Johansson; Erik G Jönsson; Fergus Kane; Matthew J Kempton; Marinka M G Koenis; Miloslav Kopecek; Lydia Krabbendam; Bernd Krämer; Stephen M Lawrie; Rhoshel K Lenroot; Machteld Marcelis; Jan-Bernard C Marsman; Venkata S Mattay; Colm McDonald; Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg; Stijn Michielse; Philip B Mitchell; Dolores Moreno; Robin M Murray; Benson Mwangi; Pablo Najt; Emma Neilson; Jason Newport; Jim van Os; Bronwyn Overs; Aysegul Ozerdem; Marco M Picchioni; Anja Richter; Gloria Roberts; Aybala Saricicek Aydogan; Peter R Schofield; Fatma Simsek; Jair C Soares; Gisela Sugranyes; Timothea Toulopoulou; Giulia Tronchin; Henrik Walter; Lei Wang; Daniel R Weinberger; Heather C Whalley; Nefize Yalin; Ole A Andreassen; Christopher R K Ching; Theo G M van Erp; Jessica A Turner; Neda Jahanshad; Paul M Thompson; René S Kahn; Neeltje E M van Haren Journal: Biol Psychiatry Date: 2019-06-13 Impact factor: 13.382
Authors: Sonja M C de Zwarte; Rachel M Brouwer; Ingrid Agartz; Martin Alda; Silvia Alonso-Lana; Carrie E Bearden; Alessandro Bertolino; Aurora Bonvino; Elvira Bramon; Elizabeth E L Buimer; Wiepke Cahn; Erick J Canales-Rodríguez; Dara M Cannon; Tyrone D Cannon; Xavier Caseras; Josefina Castro-Fornieles; Qiang Chen; Yoonho Chung; Elena De la Serna; Caterina Del Mar Bonnin; Caroline Demro; Annabella Di Giorgio; Gaelle E Doucet; Mehmet Cagdas Eker; Susanne Erk; Mar Fatjó-Vilas; Scott C Fears; Sonya F Foley; Sophia Frangou; Janice M Fullerton; David C Glahn; Vina M Goghari; Jose M Goikolea; Aaron L Goldman; Ali Saffet Gonul; Oliver Gruber; Tomas Hajek; Emma L Hawkins; Andreas Heinz; Ceren Hidiroglu Ongun; Manon H J Hillegers; Josselin Houenou; Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol; Christina M Hultman; Martin Ingvar; Viktoria Johansson; Erik G Jönsson; Fergus Kane; Matthew J Kempton; Marinka M G Koenis; Miloslav Kopecek; Bernd Krämer; Stephen M Lawrie; Rhoshel K Lenroot; Machteld Marcelis; Venkata S Mattay; Colm McDonald; Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg; Stijn Michielse; Philip B Mitchell; Dolores Moreno; Robin M Murray; Benson Mwangi; Leila Nabulsi; Jason Newport; Cheryl A Olman; Jim van Os; Bronwyn J Overs; Aysegul Ozerdem; Giulio Pergola; Marco M Picchioni; Camille Piguet; Edith Pomarol-Clotet; Joaquim Radua; Ian S Ramsay; Anja Richter; Gloria Roberts; Raymond Salvador; Aybala Saricicek Aydogan; Salvador Sarró; Peter R Schofield; Esma M Simsek; Fatma Simsek; Jair C Soares; Scott R Sponheim; Gisela Sugranyes; Timothea Toulopoulou; Giulia Tronchin; Eduard Vieta; Henrik Walter; Daniel R Weinberger; Heather C Whalley; Mon-Ju Wu; Nefize Yalin; Ole A Andreassen; Christopher R K Ching; Sophia I Thomopoulos; Theo G M van Erp; Neda Jahanshad; Paul M Thompson; René S Kahn; Neeltje E M van Haren Journal: Hum Brain Mapp Date: 2020-10-07 Impact factor: 5.399