Critical Fungicide Spray Period for Citrus Black Spot Control in São Paulo State, Brazil.

The period of citrus black spot (CBS) control used in South Africa (SA) and Australia, from October to January or February, has not been as effective in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate different periods of protection and determine the critical period for CBS control in SP. A field trial was carried out for two seasons in a mature Valencia sweet orange orchard located in Mogi Guaçu, SP. Spray programs with a total of 60, 100, 140, 180, and 220 days of fruit protection (DFP) were evaluated. CBS symptoms and fruit drop decreased exponentially as the length of the period of protection increased. The reductions in CBS intensity and crop loss with these programs ranged from 34 to 96 and 50 to 77%, respectively. The programs with 180 and 220 DFP, which protected the fruit from September to March and May, showed the highest cost benefit. The critical period needed for CBS control in SP is longer than that in SA and Australia. The results obtained with the present study are helpful for scheduling a more efficient and rational program for CBS control not only in SP but also in other tropical and subtropical regions with similar weather conditions.