Intraoperative complications and unexpected pathology at the time of cesarean section.

During cesarean section, operative complications include injury to the uterus, urinary tract, and bowel. A variety of types of fetal injuries have been reported, and some are associated with permanent handicap. The relative risk of intraoperative complications varies widely depending on such clinical variables as gestational age, station of the presenting part, and the experience of the operating physician. Ideally, each physician should be able to review his or her rate and type of complications so that continuous improvement in technique is fostered. Gynecologic tumors (malignant and benign) are rarely associated with pregnancy, and their incidental finding at the time of cesarean section is also rare. Management of malignant tumors depends greatly on the stage of the tumor. Conservative management of early-stage malignant ovarian tumors is permissible. More advanced malignant ovarian tumors and malignant tumors of the uterus and fallopian tube should be treated aggressively with removal of the reproductive organs.