Compound leaves are associated with high hydraulic conductance and photosynthetic capacity: evidence from trees in Northeast China.

Characterizing differences in key functional traits between simple-leaved (SL) and compound-leaved (CL) tree species can contribute to a better understanding of the adaptive significance of compound leaf form. In particular, this information may provide a mechanistic explanation to the long-proposed fast-growth hypothesis of CL tree species. Here, using five SL and five CL tree species co-occurring in a typical temperate forest of Northeast China, we tested whether higher hydraulic efficiency underlies potentially high photosynthetic capacity in CL species. We found that the CL species had significantly higher hydraulic conductance at the whole-branch level than the SL species (0.52 ± 0.13 vs 0.15 ± 0.04 × 10-4 kg m-2 s-1 Pa-1, P = 0.029). No significant difference in net photosynthetic rate (14.7 ± 2.43 vs 12.5 ± 2.05 μmol m-2 s-1, P = 0.511) was detected between these two groups, but this was largely due to the existence of one outlier species in each of the two functional groups. Scrutinization of the intragroup variations in functional traits revealed that distinctions of the two outlier species in wood type (ring- vs diffuse-porous) from their respective functional groups have likely contributed to their aberrant physiological performances. The potentially high photosynthetic capacity of CL species seems to require ring-porous wood to achieve high hydraulic efficiency. Due to its limitation on leaf photosynthetic capacity, diffuse-porous wood with lower hydraulic conductivity largely precludes its combination with the 'throw-away' strategy (i.e., annually replacing the stem-like rachises) of compound-leaved tree species, which intrinsically requires high carbon assimilation rate to compensate for their extra carbon losses. Our results for the first time show clear differentiation in hydraulic architecture and CO2 assimilation between sympatric SL and CL species, which contributes to the probing of the underlying mechanism responsible for the potential fast growth of trees with compound leaves.