Delayed mortality and sublethal effects of cold stress in Drosophila melanogaster.

Analysis of sublethal responses in cold-stressed insects can provide important information about fitness costs and a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms used to prevent and/or to cope with cold injury. Yet, such responses are understudied and often neglected in the literature. Here, we analyzed the effects of cold stress applied to larvae on the mortality/survival and fitness parameters of survivor adults of the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Third instar larvae (either cold-sensitive or cold-acclimated) were exposed to either supercooling or freezing stress, both at -5 °C. A whole array of sublethal effects were observed, from mortality that occurs with some delay after cold stress, through delayed development to the pupal stage, to shortened life-span of the adult, and decreased female fecundity. Taking the sublethal effects into account improves the ecological meaningfulness of cold hardiness assay outcomes. For instance, we observed that although more than 80% of cold-acclimated larvae survive freezing to -5 °C, less than 10% survive until adulthood, and survivor females exhibit more than 50% reduction in their fecundity relative to controls. Female fecundity was positively correlated with dry mass and negatively correlated with total protein and glycogen stores. Hence, these parameters may serve as good predictors of survivor adult female fecundity. Further, we provide the concept of a two-component defense system, which (based on analysis of sublethal effects on fitness parameters) distinguishes between physiological mechanisms that help insects to resist (reduce or avoid) or tolerate (survive or repair) injuries linked to cold stress.