Composition of the cutaneous bacterial community of a cave amphibian, Proteus anguinus.

The European cave salamander Proteus anguinus is a charismatic amphibian endemic to the concealed and inaccessible subterranean waters of the Dinaric Karst. Despite its exceptional conservation importance not much is known about its ecology and interactions with the groundwater microbiome. The cutaneous microbiota of amphibians is an important driver of metabolic capabilities and immunity, and thus a key factor in their wellbeing and survival. We used high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing based on seven variable regions to examine the bacteriome of the skin of five distinct evolutionary lineages of P. anguinus and in their groundwater environment. The skin bacteriomes turned out to be strongly filtered subsamples of the environmental microbial community. The resident microbiota of the analyzed individuals was dominated by five bacterial taxa. Despite an indicated functional redundancy, the cutaneous bacteriome of P. anguinus presumably provides protection against invading microbes by occupying the niche, and thus could serve as an indicator of health status. Besides conservation implications for P. anguinus, our results provide a baseline for future studies on other endangered neotenic salamanders.