Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Three-Dimensional Printed Scaffolds and Their Osteogenic Effects on Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

IMPACT STATEMENT: Bone loss due to trauma, inflammation, and surgical processes has posed great difficulty in the aesthetic reconstruction of a functional alveolar bone. Tissue engineering and biomaterials, which can promote alveolar bone regeneration, have become a popular focus of current studies. Three-dimensional (3D) printing provides a novel approach to repair bone defects using customized biomimetic tissue scaffolds. Nano hydroxyapatite (nHA) and deproteinized bovine bone (DBB) are two materials mainly used in clinical practice, particularly DBB are widely used in dentistry and craniomaxillofacial orthosis because of the porosity characteristic. To make a bone substitute closest to natural bone structure and composition, nHA and DBB were dispersed into collagen (CoL) to prepare the bioink for 3D printing. The physicochemical and biological properties between the two 3D printing scaffolds were compared. Both nHA/CoL and DBB/CoL 3D printing scaffold would be promising candidate for the clinical applications in the future.