Mohammad Reza Mohammadi1, Seyyed Salman Alavi2, Nastran Ahmadi3, Ali Khaleghi4, Koorosh Kamali5, Ameneh Ahmadi6, Zahra Hooshyari7, Fathola Mohamadian8, Nasrin Jaberghaderi9, Marzieh Nazaribadie10, Zahra Sajedi11, Zahra Farshidfar12, Nahid Kaviani13, Reza Davasazirani14, Abdulrahim Jamshidzehi Shahbakhsh15, Mahboubeh Roshandel Rad16, Koroush Shahbazi17, Rohollah Rostami Khodaverdloo18, Leyla Noohi Tehrani19, Mahdie Nasiri20, Fatemeh Naderi21, Arezou Kiani22, Mahboobeh Chegeni23, Seiedeh Maryam Hashemi Nasab24, Mahnaz Ghaneian25, Hosein Parsamehr26, Neda Nilforoushan27, Shahrokh Amiri28, Mahbod Fadaei Fooladi29, Soleiman Mohammadzadeh30, Ahmad Ahmadipour31, Nasrin Sarraf32, Seyed Kaveh Hojjat33, Mehriar Nadermohammadi34, Seyed-Ali Mostafavi35, Hadi Zarafshan36, Maryam Salmanian37, Alia Shakiba38, Simin Ashoori39. 1. Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: mohammadimr@tums.ac.ir. 2. Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: ssasi1979@gmail.com. 3. Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Electronic address: ahmadi.psy@gmail.com. 4. Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: alikhaleghi_bme84@yahoo.com. 5. Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. Electronic address: Kkamali71@yahoo.com. 6. Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: ameneh_ahmadi_1888@yahoo.com. 7. Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: zahrahooshyari@gmail.com. 8. Department of Psychology, Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran. Electronic address: Mohamadian-f@medilam.ac.ir. 9. Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Electronic address: n_jg2004@yahoo.com. 10. Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Electronic address: mnazaribadie@gmail.Com. 11. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran. Electronic address: Zahrasajedi72@gmail.com. 12. Gorgan University, Gorgan, Iran. Electronic address: z.farshidfar@yahoo.com. 13. Health Deputy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Electronic address: kvnahid@yahoo.com. 14. Community Mental Health and Addiction Health Department of Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Electronic address: Reza.davasazirani@gmail.com. 15. University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: Rahimshabakhsh@gmail.com. 16. Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Electronic address: m_r_rad20@yahoo.com. 17. Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Karaj, Iran. Electronic address: Koroush.shahbazi@yahoo.com. 18. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Electronic address: rostamipsychologist@yahoo.com. 19. Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch, Shahrood, Iran. Electronic address: Leylanoohitehrani@yahoo.com. 20. University of Alzahra, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: Nasiri_mahdie@yahoo.com. 21. Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Hormozgan, Iran. Electronic address: Fk.naderi@gmail.com. 22. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Electronic address: Sahari.kiani@gmail.com. 23. Markazi University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Electronic address: mahboobchegeni@gmail.com. 24. Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. Electronic address: hasheminasab1360@gmail.com. 25. Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Najafabad, Iran. Electronic address: mahnaz.Ghaneian@gmail.com. 26. Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza Psychiatric Hospital, Khorramabad, Iran. Electronic address: parsamehrhosien@yahoo.com. 27. Department of Psychology, Yazd Azad University, Yazd, Iran. Electronic address: nilforoushan.neda@gmail.com. 28. Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: amirish@tbzmed.ac.ir. 29. Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: mahbod.fadaei@gmail.com. 30. Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. Electronic address: dr.mohammadzadeh86@gmail.com. 31. Department of Psychiatry, Booshehr University of Medical Sciences, Khalij-E Fars Hospital. Booshehr, Iran. Electronic address: dr.ahmadipour@gmail.com. 32. Department of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Electronic address: dr.n.sarraf@gmail.com. 33. Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran. Electronic address: s.kavehhojjat1@gmail.com. 34. Ardebil University of Medical Science, Ardebil, Iran. Electronic address: mehriar46@yahoo.com. 35. Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: mostafavi.n80@hotmail.com. 36. Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: zarafshan84@gmail.com. 37. Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: marysal1981@gmail.com. 38. Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: alia_shakiba@yahoo.com. 39. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Electronic address: ashoori@yahoo.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Depressive disorders are a major public health problem in developed and developing countries. Recently, several risk factors have been described for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to identify the main risk factors that can affect the incidence of depression in Iranian children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 30,546 children and adolescents (between 6 and 18 years of age) participated in a cross-sectional study to identify the predictors of depressive disorders. Depressive disorders were assessed using the Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL). In addition, a demographic characteristics questionnaire was completed by parents of the participants. The data was analyzed using the SPSS22 software via performing the descriptive analysis and the multiple logistic regression analysis methods. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Results showed that a higher age (15-18), being female, and the father's unemployment were associated with an increased odds ratio for depressive disorders. The age of 10-14 (OR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.57-2.81), the age of 15-18 (OR = 4.44; 95% CI, 3.38-5.83), female gender (OR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.2-1.73) and the father's unemployment (OR = 1.59; 95% CI, 1.01-2.5) were significant positive predictors, whereas, the mother's job (as a housewife) (OR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.96) and a history of psychiatric hospitalization of the father and mother (OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15-0.78 and OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14-0.84) were negative predictors for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Depressive symptoms are common in children and adolescents and are correlated with age and gender. The assessment of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, especially the depressive disorders and their comorbidities, may help to prevent mood disorders in children and adolescents.
BACKGROUND:Depressive disorders are a major public health problem in developed and developing countries. Recently, several risk factors have been described for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to identify the main risk factors that can affect the incidence of depression in Iranian children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 30,546 children and adolescents (between 6 and 18 years of age) participated in a cross-sectional study to identify the predictors of depressive disorders. Depressive disorders were assessed using the Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL). In addition, a demographic characteristics questionnaire was completed by parents of the participants. The data was analyzed using the SPSS22 software via performing the descriptive analysis and the multiple logistic regression analysis methods. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Results showed that a higher age (15-18), being female, and the father's unemployment were associated with an increased odds ratio for depressive disorders. The age of 10-14 (OR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.57-2.81), the age of 15-18 (OR = 4.44; 95% CI, 3.38-5.83), female gender (OR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.2-1.73) and the father's unemployment (OR = 1.59; 95% CI, 1.01-2.5) were significant positive predictors, whereas, the mother's job (as a housewife) (OR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.96) and a history of psychiatric hospitalization of the father and mother (OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15-0.78 and OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14-0.84) were negative predictors for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION:Depressive symptoms are common in children and adolescents and are correlated with age and gender. The assessment of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, especially the depressive disorders and their comorbidities, may help to prevent mood disorders in children and adolescents.