Isolation and Characterization of Three Zygomycetous Fungi in Korea: Backusella circina, Circinella muscae, and Mucor ramosissimus.

While surveying undiscovered fungal taxa in Korea, three rare zygomycetous fungal strains, CNUFC-PTF2-1, CNUFC-TF3-1, and CNUFC-ESAF3-1, were isolated from soil, leaf, and freshwater samples, respectively. The strains were analyzed morphologically as well as phylogenetically based on the internal transcribed spacer region and 28S rDNA sequences. Sequence analysis of the two loci revealed that the isolates, CNUFC-PTF2-1, CNUFC-TF3-1, and CNUFC-ESAF3-1, were identified as Backusella circina, Circinella muscae, and Mucor ramosissimus, respectively. These species have not yet been previously described in Korea.

Introduction

The Mucorales, which is classified into the subphylum Mucoromycotina [1], is the largest order of fungi. Members of this group are ubiquitous saprophytes in nature. They are commonly found in soil and decaying vegetation, and can also be found in grains [2-4]. Mucorales members grow and invade quickly on easily digestible substrates, such as those containing starches, sugars, and hemicelluloses [2]. Currently, 14 families are placed in this order based on the analysis of a multigene (act-1, EF-1α, 18S, and 28S rRNA) data set [3].

The genus Backusella, which belongs to the subphylum Mucoromycotina, order Mucorales, and family Backusellaceae, was established by Ellis & Hesseltine (1969) with the type species B. circina [5]. Species belonging to this genus are characterized by the production of both sporangia and sporangiola, as well as by the formation of transitorily curved sporangiophores [4-6]. They are typically isolated from soil, leaf litter, and other plant debris, as well as from dung samples, such as those from human, agouti, and insects [7-10]. For a long time, the genus Backusella contained only three species: B. circina, B. lamprospora, and B. ctenidia. However, Walther et al. [4] recently revised the order Mucorales based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S rDNA sequence data and transferred some species of Mucor to the genus Backusella because they had transitorily recurved sporangiophores, while B. ctenidia was transferred to the genus Mucor. Based on these criteria, this genus now comprises 13 species, among which one species is registered in Korea (Source: www.indexfungorum.org as of April 2018).

The genus Circinella, which belongs to the subphylum Mucoromycotina, order Mucorales, and family Lichtheimiaceae, was established in 1873 by van Tieghem and Le Monnier [11]. It is closely related to Mucor, but differs in that it has sporangiophores with circinate branches bearing sporangia [12]. Members of this genus are characterized by the production of sporangiophores bearing circinate branches terminated by globose multispored sporangia with persistent sporangial walls [12]. After Hesseltine and Fennell [12] monographed this genus, several additional species were included [13-16]. To date, 10 species belonging to this genus are known according to the Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org). They are commonly isolated from soil, dung, sand beach, and hydrocarbon-polluted sand [2,17,18].

The genus Mucor belongs to the subphylum Mucoromycotina, order Mucorales, and family Mucoraceae, and was described by Fresenius in 1850, comprising the largest number of species within the Mucorales [19]. Specimens of this genus are characterized by the formation of non-apophysate sporangia and production of simple or branched sporangiophores without basal rhizoids. Zygospores have opposed, non-appendaged suspensors [20]. Mucor species are easily isolated from soil, fruits, vegetables, stored grains, insect, and dung [2,21-24]. Several species of this genus are of great interest to the biotechnology industry due to their ability to produce enzymes such as proteases, amylase, lipases, phytase, and polygalacturonase [25-27], while some species are considered as the causal agents of cutaneous zygomycosis in humans [28]. The traditional taxonomic classification of Mucor species was determined based on morphological characteristics such as size and shape of the sporangia and mode of reproduction (sexual or asexual). Recently, molecular studies have been performed to evaluate mucoralean species [3,4]. These studies have indicated that Mucor is polyphyletic. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of ITS and large subunit rDNA regions of several mucoralean species, Walther et al. [4] observed that some Mucor species with curved sporangiophores were grouped with Backusella Hesselt. & J. J. Ellis. Therefore, these Mucor species were transferred to Backusella. Nine species have been recorded, including three new species from freshwater, tangerine fruit, and rat feces samples in Korea [10,23].

During an inventory of fungal species from soil, leaf, and freshwater samples, three interesting fungal strains belonging to the order Mucorales were assigned to the genera Backusella, Circinella, and Mucor.

The objective of this study was to morphologically and molecularly characterize three unrecorded species in Korea: B. circina, C. muscae, and M. ramosissimus.

Materials and methods

Isolation of fungal strains from leaf, soil, and freshwater samples

Leaves of Toxicodendron sylvestre were collected from Daegak Mountain, Sinsi Island, Gunsan, Korea. Collected samples were stored in sterile polyethylene bags. Samples were cleaned under running tap water to remove debris before use. Leaf tissue pieces were cut into small fragments, surface-disinfested with 2% NaOCl solution and 70% ethanol for 1 min each, washed three times with sterile distilled water, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ) supplemented with the antibiotic streptomycin sulfate (0.5 mg/mL, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and incubated at 25 °C for 3–7 days.

Soil samples were collected from Geumgol Mountain, Jin Island (Jindo), Korea. Freshwater samples were collected from Eulsukdo, Busan, Korea. The samples were transported in sterile 50-mL Falcon tubes and stored at 4 °C until examination. Fungi were isolated using the serial dilution plating method. In this technique, 1 mL of water or 1 g of soil was mixed with 9 mL of sterile distilled water and shaken for 15 min at 25 °C; serial dilutions ranging from 10−1 to 10−4 were prepared. An aliquot of 0.1 mL from each dilution was transferred to PDA supplemented with the antibiotic streptomycin sulfate (0.5 mg/mL) and incubated at 25 °C for 3–7 days. To isolate pure cultures, individual colonies with various morphologies were picked, transferred to PDA, and subcultured until pure mycelia were obtained. All pure isolates, including those of B. circina, C. muscae, and M. ramosissimus, were stored in 20% glycerol at −80 °C at the Chonnam National University Fungal Collection (CNUFC), Gwangju, Korea. B. circina, C. muscae, and M. ramosissimus strains isolated in our study were designated CNUFC-PTF2-1 and CNUFC-PTF2-2, CNUFC-TF3-1 and CNUFC-TF3-2, CNUFC-ESAF3-1 and CNUFC-ESAF3-2, respectively. Strain CNUFC-PTF2-1 was also deposited at the Culture Collection of the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR, Incheon, Korea), strain CNUFC-TF3-1 was deposited at Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (Wanju, Korea), and strain CNUFC-ESAF3-1 was deposited at the Culture Collection of the Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR, Sangju, Korea).

Morphological studies

Pure cultures of B. circina, C. muscae, and M. ramosissimus were cultured on synthetic mucor agar (SMA; 40 g dextrose, 2 g asparagine, 0.5 g KH2PO4, 0.25 g MgSO4·7H2O, 0.5 g thiamine chloride, and 15 g agar in 1 L of deionized water). The plates were incubated at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C in the dark for 5 days. Fragments of mycelia were removed from the cultures, placed on microscope slides with lactophenol solution (Junsei Chemical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and observed under a light microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The fine structure of C. muscae was observed using scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi S4700; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The isolates were fixed in 2.5% paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) for 2 h and then washed with 0.05 M cacodylate buffer (Junsei Chemical Co. Ltd.). Cellular membranes were preserved by fixing the samples in 1% osmium tetroxide (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA) diluted in 0.05 M cacodylate buffer for 1 h, washing again in 0.05 M cacodylate buffer, dehydrating in graded ethanol (Emsure, Darmstadt, Germany) and isoamyl acetate (Junsei Chemical Co. Ltd.), and drying in a fume hood. Finally, the samples were sputter-coated with gold and observed under a Hitachi S4700 field emission scanning electron microscope at the Korea Basic Science Institute (Gwangju, Korea).

DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing

Genomic DNA was extracted directly from the mycelia of fungal isolates using the Solgent Genomic DNA prep Kit (Solgent Co. Ltd., Daejeon, South Korea). The ITS region and large subunit of 28S rDNA were amplified with the primer pairs ITS4 and ITS5 [29] and LROR and LR5F [30], respectively. The PCR mixture (total volume, 20 μL) contained fungal DNA template, 5 pmol/μL of each primer, and Accupower PCR Premix (Taq DNA polymerase, dNTPs, buffer, and tracking dye; Bioneer Corp., Daejeon, Korea). PCR products were purified using the Accuprep PCR Purification Kit (Bioneer Corp.) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA sequencing was performed on an ABI 3700 Automated DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, CA).

Phylogenetic analysis

The fungal sequences obtained from the GenBank database (Table 1) were aligned using Clustal_X v.1.83 [31] and edited with Bioedit v.5.0.9.1 [32]. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using MEGA 6 software [33] and maximum likelihood (ML) was constructed by Kimura’s two-parameter correction method. M. amphibiorum, M. indicus, and Rhizomucor pusillus were used as outgroups. The reliability of internal branches was assessed using the p-distance substitution model with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Sequence data were compared with similar sequences available in the GenBank databases using nucleotide Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTn).

Table 1.

Taxa, collection numbers, sequences, and GenBank accession numbers used in this study.

Taxon name	Collection no. (Isolate no.)	GenBank accession no.
		ITS	28S
Backusella circina	CBS 128.70T	JN206258	JN206529
B. circina	KH1	JX644544	JX644491
B. circina	CBS 323.69	JN206259	–
B. circina	KH9	–	JX644492
B. circina	CNUFC-PTF2-1	MH262302	MH262312
B. circina	CNUFC-PTF2-2	MH262303	MH262313
B. constricta	URM7322	KT937159	KT937156
B. indica	CBS 786.70	JN206255	JN206526
B. gigacellularis	CCIBt 3866	KF742415	–
B. grandis	CBS 186.87T	JN206252	JN206527
B. lamprospora	CBS 118.08T	JN206268	JN206531
B. lamprospora	CBS 195.28	JN206271	JN206530
B. locustae	CNUFC-SFB2T	KY449291	KY449290
B. locustae	CNUFC-SFB4	KY449293	KY449292
B. oblongielliptica	CBS 568.70	JN206278	JN206533
B. oblongispora	CBS 569.70	JN206251	JN206407
B. recurva	KH6	–	JX644497
B. recurva	KH7	–	JX644498
B. recurva	CBS 318.52	JN206261	–
B. recurva	CBS 673.75	JN206264	–
B. tuberculispora	CBS 562.66	JN206267	JN206525
B. tuberculispora	CBS 570.70	JN206266	–
B. variabilis	CBS 564.66	JN206254	KC012658
B. variabilis	CBS 564.66	JN206253	–
Circinella angarensis	CBS 173.62	JN205849	JN206551
C. chinensis	CBS 140.28	JN205855	JN206549
C. lacrymispora	CBS 101757	JN206289	JN206608
C. minor	CBS 142.81	JN205861	JN206552
C. mucoroides	CYD1000719	KF805760	KF805746
C. muscae	CCD1000215	–	KF805745
C. muscae	CBS 141.28	JN205853	JN206548
C. muscae	CBS 107.13	JN205854	–
C. muscae	CYR003	–	KF805748
C. muscae	D00122901	KF805764	KF805750
C. muscae	CNUFC-TF3-1	MH262304	MH262314
C. muscae	CNUFC-TF3-2	MH262305	MH262315
C. simplex	CBS 428.80	JN206213	JN206445
C. umbellata	CBS 160.49	JN205858	HM849722
C. umbellata	CBS 101.16	JN205857	JN206553
Mucor amphibiorum	CBS 763.74T	HM999957	–
M. amphibiorum	NRRL28633	–	AF113466
M. circinelloides	CBS 338.71	JN205998	–
M. circinelloides	CBS 635.65	JN205997	–
M. circinelloides	UTHSC 04-1961	–	FN650657
M. circinelloides	UTHSC 06-1667	–	FN650656
M. circinelloides f. janssenii	CBS 232.29	JN206007	–
M. circinelloides f. janssenii	CBS 206.68	JN206004	–
M. circinelloides f. janssenii	CBS 205.68NT	HM999952	–
M. circinelloides f. janssenii	CBS 526.68	–	JN206426
M. circinelloides f. circinelloides	CBS 195.68	–	NG_055735
M. circinelloides f. circinelloides	Kw1378	–	FM246460
M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus	CBS 108.17	JN205980	FN650665
M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus	CBS 851.71	JN205982	–
M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus	CBS 111228	JN205989	–
M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus	CBS 242.33	JN205987	–
M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus	CBS 968.68	HM999953	–
M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus	UTHSC 03-1823	–	FN650662
M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus	NRRL 3631	–	AF113467
M. circinelloides f. lusitanicus	CBS 236.35	JN205979	–
M. fragilis	CTSP F1	EU862184	EU862173
M. fragilis	FSU 6164	EU484238	–
M. plumbeus	CBS 634.74	HM999955	–
M. plumbeus	CBS 226.32	JN205916	–
M. indicus	CBS 226.29	HM999956	HM849690
M. sinensis	CBS 204.74	JN205899	–
M. racemosus	UWFP 788	–	AY213712
M. racemosus f. chibinensis	CBS 636.67	JN205904	–
M. racemosus f. racemosus	CBS 260.68T	–	NG_055727
M. ramosissimus	CBS 135.65NT	NR_103627	FN650666
M. ramosissimus	ATCC 28933	–	AY213715
M. ramosissimus	CNUFC-ESAF3-1	MH262306	MH262316
M. ramosissimus	CNUFC-ESAF3-2	MH262307	MH262317
Phascolomyces articulosus	CBS 113.76	JX665039	JN206547
Rhizomucor pusillus	CBS 354.68	AF461764	HM849716
Zychaea mexicana	CBS 441.76	JN205845	JN206545

Bold letters indicate isolates and accession numbers determined in our study.

ATCC: American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA; CBS: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CNUFC: Chonnam National University Fungal Collection, Gwangju, South Korea; ITS: internal transcribed spacer; NRRL (ARS Culture Collection, Peoria, Illinois); UTHSC, Fungal Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology at the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA; T and NT: ex-type and ex-neotype strains.

Results

A BLAST search of ITS sequences via the NCBI database indicated that the isolates CNUFC-PTF2-1, CNUFC-TF3-1, and CNUFC-ESAF3-1 most closely resembled B. circina (GenBank accession no. JX644544), C. muscae (GenBank accession no. KF805764), and M. ramosissimus (GenBank accession no. NR_103627) with 100% (637/637 bp), 99.8% (601/602 bp), and 99.8% (566/567 bp) homology, respectively. The 28S rDNA sequences of B. circina (GenBank accession no. JN206529), C. muscae (GenBank accession no. KF805750), and M. ramosissimus (GenBank accession no. FN650666) showed 100% (674/674 bp), 98.9% (550/556 bp), and 100% (694/694 bp) homology with the 28S rDNA sequences of the isolates CNUFC-PTF2-1, CNUFC-TF3-1, and CNUFC-ESAF3-1, respectively. Based on the ITS and 28S rDNA trees, the isolates CNUFC-PTF2-1, CNUFC-TF3-1, and CNUFC-ESAF3-1 were identical to B. circina, C. muscae, and M. ramosissimus, respectively (Figures 1–3).

Taxonomy

Taxonomy of CNUFC-PTF2-1

J.J. Ellis & Hesselt., Mycologia 61: 865 (1969) (Table 2, Figure 4).

Table 2.

Morphological characteristics of CNUFC-PTF2-1 compared to Backusella circina reference strain.

Character	CNUFC-PTF2-1	Backusella circinaa
Colony color	Rapid-growing, first white then light gray, reverse light gray	Rapid-growing, first white then light olive-gray
Sporangiophores	6.0–20.0 µm in width, variable in length	Up to 9–16 µm in width, variable in length
Sporangia	Globose to subglobose, multispored, 27.5–66.5 × 27.0–63.5 µm	Globose and subglobose, 35–100 µm
Columellae	Subglobose to oblong, 18.1–30.4 × 20.3–34.6 µm	Subglobose to oblong, 11–35 × 11–30 μm
Unispored sporangiola	Globose to subglobose 10.3–19.5 × 10.0–19.1 µm	Globose to subglobose, (4.5–)6–16(–26) μm in diam., wall spinulose
Sporangiospores	Subglobose to ovoid, 6.5–11.0 × 6.0–10.2 μm	Subglobose to ovoid, (6.4–)7.2–10 (–12.8) × (5.6–)6.4–9.2 (–10) μm
Zygospores	Absent	Globose to subglobose, (35–)40–70(–80) μm in diam.

From the description by Ellis and Hesseltine [5].

Figure 4.

Morphology of Backusella circina CNUFC-PTF2-1. (A) Colony in synthetic mucor agar after 5 days at 25 °C; (B) Forming unispored sporangiola on curved short sporangiophores; (C) Sporangium on curved simple sporangiophores; (D–F) Columellae; (G) Sporangiospores (scale bars: B–G = 20 μm).

=Mucor pseudolamprosporus H. Nagan. & Hirahara, Hiroshima Jogakuin College Bull.: 167 (1968)

Description: Colonies grew rapidly at 25 °C on SMA, filling the Petri plate (diameter, 90 mm) after 5 days of incubation. The colonies were initially white, but later turned light gray. The colony reverse was light gray. Sporangiophores were 6–20 μm wide, erect, branched, and irregular. Sporangia were globose to subglobose, multispored, and measured 27.5–66.5 μm × 27.0–63.5 μm. Columellae were subglobose to oblong, and measured 18.1–30.4 μm × 20.3–34.6 μm. Unispored sporangiola were abundant, globose to subglobose, wall spinulose, and measured 10.3–19.5 μm × 10.0–19.1 μm. Sporangiospores were subglobose to ovoid, and measured 6.5–11.0 μm × 6.0–10.2 μm. Zygospores were not observed on this medium. Optimal growth was observed at 25 °C, slow growth was observed at 10 and 35 °C, and no growth was observed at 37 °C.

Taxonomy of CNUFC-TF3-1

(Sorokin) Berl. & De Toni, Sylloge Fungorum 7: 216 (1888) (Table 3, Figure 5).

Table 3.

Morphological characteristics of CNUFC-TF3-1 compared to Circinella muscae reference strain.

Character	CNUFC-TF3-1	Circinella muscaea
Colony color	Rapid-growing, first white then brown; reverse brown, irregularly zonate	Rapid-growing, first white then Saccardo’s Olive
Sporangia	Globose, multispored, yellow to dark gray with age, 31.9–70.2 × 31.5–69.2 µm	Globose, multispored, 30–62 µm, some up to 100 µm
Columellae	Pyriform, subglobose, oval, conical, 17.5–43.3 × 15.5–36.5 µm	Pyriform, oblong, or conical 15–20 × 20–36 µm
Sporangiospores	Globose, 4.1–9.5 µm	Globose, sometimes short oval, 3–7 µm, mostly 5–6 µm
Zygospores	Absent	Globose, golden brown to reddish brown, 30–65 µm

From the description by Hesseltine and Fennell [12].

Figure 5.

Morphology of Circinella muscae CNUFC-TF3-1. (A) Colony in synthetic mucor agar after 5 days at 25 °C; (B–D, G) Sporangia and columellae borne on circinate sporangiophores; (E, F) Young and mature multispored sporangia; (H) Sporangiospores. (B–D: observed under light microscope; E–H: observed by scanning electron microscopy) (scale bars: B–F, G = 20 μm, H = 10 μm).

≡Helicostylum muscae Sorokin, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou: 256 (1870)

=Circinella spinosa Tiegh. & G. Le Monn., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 17: 305 (1873)

=Circinella sydowii Lendn., Bulletin de la Société Botanique de Genève 5: 29 (1913)

Description: Colonies grew rapidly at 25 °C on SMA, filling the Petri plate (diameter, 90 mm) after 7 days of incubation. The colonies were initially white, but later turned brown. The colony reverse was brown and irregularly zonate. Sporangiophores were 6.3–10.8 μm in width, variable in length, and often circinate below the sporangium. Sporangia were globose, yellow to dark gray, multispored, and measured 31.9–70.2 μm × 31.5–69.2 μm. Collumellae were diverse in shape, pyriform, subglobose, oval, conical, and measured 17.5–43.3 μm × 15.5–36.5 μm. Sporangiospores were globose and measured 4.1–9.5 μm. Zygospores were not observed on this medium. Optimal growth was observed at 25 °C, slow growth was observed at 10 and 35 °C, and no growth was observed at 40 °C.

Taxonomy of CNUFC-ESAF3-1

Samouts., Mater. Mikol. Fitopat. Ross.: 210 (1927) (Table 4, Figure 6)

Table 4.

Morphological characteristics of CNUFC-ESAF3-1 compared to Mucor ramosissimus reference strain.

Character	CNUFC-ESAF3-1	Mucor ramosissimusa
Colony color	Rapid-growing, gray	Deep olive gray to mouse gray
Sporangia	Globose to subglobose, 15.5–60.1 × 14.8–56.3 µm	Globose, up to 70 (80) µm
Columellae	Globose, cylindrical–ellipsoidal, 12.7–41.8 × 11.8–36.8 µm	Applanate, up to 40 × 50 µm
Sporangiospores	Subglobose, ellipsoidal, 4.3–8.5 × 3.9–6.8 µm	Subglobose to broadly ellipsoidal, 4–7(8) µm in diam. or 5–8 × 4.5–6 µm
Zygospores	Absent	Absent

From the description by Schipper [21].

Figure 6.

Morphology of Mucor ramosissimus CNUFC-ESAF3-1. (A) Colonies in synthetic mucor agar after 5 days at 25 °C; (B–D) Branched sporangiophores and sporangia; (E–G) Columella with clear collar present; (H) Sporangiospores (scale bars: B–H = 20 μm).

Description: Colonies grew rapidly at 25 °C on SMA, filling the Petri plate (diameter, 90 mm) after 5 days of incubation. The color of the colony was gray. Sporangia were globose to subglobose and measured 15.5–60.1 μm × 14.8–56.3 μm. Columellae were globose, cylindrical–ellipsoidal, and measured 12.7–41.8 μm × 11.8–36.8 μm. Sporangiospores were subglobose, ellipsoidal, and measured 4.3–8.5 μm × 3.9–6.8 μm. Zygospores were not observed on this medium. Optimal growth was observed at 25 °C, slow growth was observed at 10 °C, and no growth was observed at 35 °C.

Discussion

To date, few studies have reported new and undescribed zygomycetous fungi in Korea [10,23,34,35]. Particularly, species of Backusella and Circinella are rarely found in Korea. Thus, our finding of B. circina, C. muscae, and M. ramosissimus species not only establishes new records, but also provides knowledge regarding the occurrence and distribution of rare species within these genera.

Variability in nucleotide sequences in the ITS region has been reported by several authors as a critical barcode marker for identifying fungi at the species level, including in the order Mucorales [36,37]. In previous studies, we successfully identified species of Mucorales using this marker [10,22,23,38].

In the ITS and 28S phylogenetic trees, CNUFC-PTF2-1 and CNUFC-PTF2-2 isolated from soil samples clustered in the clade containing B. circina CBS 128.70 (type species) (Figure 1). Although the morphological features of our isolate were similar to those of B. circina described by Ellis and Hesseltine [5], there were differences in the diameter of sporangia and unispored sporangiola. Sporangia sizes reported in literature range from 35 to 100 μm [5], which are larger than our maximum measurements. The unispored sporangiola (4.5–)6–16(–26) μm [5] was larger than that of our isolate. The B. circina strain may exhibit morphological similarities to B. lamprospora, such as the production of subglobose sporangiospores [7]. However, B. circina differs from B. lamprospora in its production of large numbers of spiny-walled and unispored sporangiola. Furthermore, in the phylogenetic tree, the strain formed a separate branch from that of B. lamprospora. Molecular data confirmed the morphological identification of CNUFC-PTF2-1 as B. circina.

Figure 1.

Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood analysis of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 28S rDNA sequences for Backusella circina CNUFC-PTF2-1 and B. circina CNUFC-PTF2-2. Mucor indicus was used as the outgroup. Bootstrap support values ≥50% are indicated at the nodes. The bar indicates the number of substitutions per position.

Isolates CNUFC-TF3-1 and CNUFC-TF3-2 formed a group with strains of C. muscae (Figure 2). The results of our analysis of molecular data were consistent with the phylogeny presented by Walther et al. [4]. Comparing the colony morphology and culture characteristics of the isolate on SMA medium with previous descriptions by Hesseltine and Fennell [12], the present isolate was generally similar to isolates of C. muscae. Gonzalez et al. [17] and Zheng et al. [18] isolated this species from sand beach and hydrocarbon-polluted sand, respectively. Accordingly, this is the first reported isolation of C. muscae from a leaf of T. sylvestre. C. muscae has been shown to transform androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and produce extracellular enzymes such as proteases [39,40]. This finding suggests that strain CNUFC-TF3-1 may be useful in biotechnological applications and requires further investigation.

Figure 2.

Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood analysis of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 28S rDNA sequences for Circinella muscae CNUFC-TF3-1 and C. muscae CNUFC-TF3-2. Rhizomucor pusillus was used as the outgroup. Bootstrap support values ≥50% are indicated at the nodes. The bar indicates the number of substitutions per position.

Isolate CNUFC-ESAF3-1 was grouped with strains of M. ramosissimus CBS 135.65 (neo-type species) based on phylogenetic analyses (Figure 3). The morphological characteristics of the M. ramosissimus isolate in this study were similar to those previously described by Schipper [21]. However, sporangia were smaller than that of M. ramosissimus described by Schipper (up to 70–80 μm). The M. ramosissimus strain may be confused with M. circinelloides due to its production of subglobose sporangiospores and sympodially branched sporangiophores. However, there are clear genetic differences between these two species. The results of our analysis of molecular data of this species were consistent with the phylogeny presented by Álvarez et al. [41] and Walther et al. [4]. Species of M. ramosissimus produce extracellular enzymes, such as endopolygalacturonase and lipase, and secondary metabolites, such as phytoalexin elicitor [42-44]. Recently, several studies have focused on applying Mucorales members to produce ethanol and biomass by-product [45]. Particularly, M. ramosissimus has been reported as a potential ethanol-producing mold [46].

Figure 3.

Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood analysis of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 28S rDNA sequences for Mucor ramosissimus CNUFC-ESAF3-1 and M. ramosissimus CNUFC-ESAF3-2. Mucor amphibiorum was used as the outgroup. Bootstrap support values ≥50% are indicated at the nodes. The bar indicates the number of substitutions per position.

This is the first report of B. circina, C. muscae, and M. ramosissimus in Korea. Future studies should investigate their ability to produce extracellular enzymes and potential applications in biotechnology.