Tatsuya Norii1, Yosuke Homma2, Hiroyasu Shimizu2, Hiroshi Takase3, Sung-Ho Kim4, Shimpei Nagata4, Akihikari Shimosato5, Cameron Crandall6. 1. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, MSC11 6025, 1 UNM, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA. TaNorii@salud.unm.edu. 2. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, 3-4-32 Todaijima, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0001, Japan. 3. Department of Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kita-Kobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan. 4. Department of Emergency Medicine, Osaka Police Hospital, 10-31, Kitayama-cho, Tennouji-ku, Osaka, 543-0035, Japan. 5. Department of Anesthesiology, Kenwakai Otemachi Hospital, 15-1 Otemachi, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan. 6. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, MSC11 6025, 1 UNM, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) is widely performed outside of the operating theater, often in emergency departments (EDs). The practice and safety of PSA in the ED in an aging society such as in Japan have not been well described. We aimed to characterize the practice pattern of PSA including indications, pharmacology and incidence of adverse events (AEs) in Japan. METHODS: We formed the Japanese Procedural Sedation and Analgesia Registry, a multicenter prospective observation registry of ED patients undergoing PSA. We included all patients who received PSA in the ED. PSA was defined as any systemic pharmacological intervention intended to facilitate a painful or uncomfortable procedure. The main variables in this study were patients' demographics, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, indication of PSA, medication choices, and AEs. The primary outcome measure was overall AEs from PSA. RESULTS: We enrolled 332 patients in four EDs during the 12-month period. The median age was 67 years (IQR, 46-78). In terms of ASA physical status, 79 (23.8%), 172 (51.8%), and 81 (24.4%) patients were class 1, 2, 3 or higher, respectively. The most common indication was cardioversion (44.0%). The most common sedative used was thiopental (38.9%), followed by midazolam (34.0%) and propofol (19.6%). Among all patients, 72 (21.7%, 95% confidence interval, 17-26) patients experienced one or more AEs. The most common AE was hypoxia (9.9%), followed by apnea (7.2%) and hypotension (3.5%). All of the AEs were transient and no patient had a serious AE. CONCLUSION: In a multicenter prospective registry in Japan, PSA in the ED appears safe particularly since the patients who underwent PSA were older and had a higher risk profile compared to patients in previous studies in different countries.
PURPOSE: Procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) is widely performed outside of the operating theater, often in emergency departments (EDs). The practice and safety of PSA in the ED in an aging society such as in Japan have not been well described. We aimed to characterize the practice pattern of PSA including indications, pharmacology and incidence of adverse events (AEs) in Japan. METHODS: We formed the Japanese Procedural Sedation and Analgesia Registry, a multicenter prospective observation registry of ED patients undergoing PSA. We included all patients who received PSA in the ED. PSA was defined as any systemic pharmacological intervention intended to facilitate a painful or uncomfortable procedure. The main variables in this study were patients' demographics, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, indication of PSA, medication choices, and AEs. The primary outcome measure was overall AEs from PSA. RESULTS: We enrolled 332 patients in four EDs during the 12-month period. The median age was 67 years (IQR, 46-78). In terms of ASA physical status, 79 (23.8%), 172 (51.8%), and 81 (24.4%) patients were class 1, 2, 3 or higher, respectively. The most common indication was cardioversion (44.0%). The most common sedative used was thiopental (38.9%), followed by midazolam (34.0%) and propofol (19.6%). Among all patients, 72 (21.7%, 95% confidence interval, 17-26) patients experienced one or more AEs. The most common AE was hypoxia (9.9%), followed by apnea (7.2%) and hypotension (3.5%). All of the AEs were transient and no patient had a serious AE. CONCLUSION: In a multicenter prospective registry in Japan, PSA in the ED appears safe particularly since the patients who underwent PSA were older and had a higher risk profile compared to patients in previous studies in different countries.
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