A-Ra Cho1, Ju-Yeon Moon2, Sue Kim3, Ki-Yong An4, Minsuk Oh5, Justin Y Jeon6, Dong-Hyuk Jung7, Man Ho Choi8, Ji-Won Lee9. 1. Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea. 2. Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea. 3. International Health Care Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea. 4. Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 5. Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. 6. Department of Sport Industry Studies, Exercise Medicine and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea. 7. Department of Family Medicine, Yong-in Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yong-in 17046, Republic of Korea. 8. Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: mh_choi@kist.re.kr. 9. Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: indi5645@yuhs.ac.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The objective of this pilot randomized controlled trial was to investigate the effect of alternate day fasting (ADF) and exercise on serum sterol signatures, which are surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption and biosynthesis. METHODS: We randomly assigned 112 overweight or obese participants to four groups: 1) ADF and exercise (E-ADF); 2) ADF; 3) exercise; and 4) control. We studied 31 completers in this exploratory analysis and measured their serum sterol signatures using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: After intervention, most serum sterol signatures that correspond to cholesterol metabolism were significantly different between groups (p < 0.05 by analysis of covariance [ANCOVA]). We found no differences in plant sterols, which are markers of cholesterol absorption. In the exercise group, desmosterol, cholesteryl esters, and oxysterols decreased significantly. Furthermore, only changes in physical activity levels negatively correlated with changes in the metabolic ratios of desmosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, which reflect cholesterol biosynthesis (r = -0.411; p = 0.030, and r = -0.540; p = 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that exercise with or without ADF improves cholesterol metabolism as measured by serum sterol signatures, and increased physical activity has a greater effect on cholesterol biosynthesis than weight reduction or calorie restriction.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The objective of this pilot randomized controlled trial was to investigate the effect of alternate day fasting (ADF) and exercise on serum sterol signatures, which are surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption and biosynthesis. METHODS: We randomly assigned 112 overweight or obeseparticipants to four groups: 1) ADF and exercise (E-ADF); 2) ADF; 3) exercise; and 4) control. We studied 31 completers in this exploratory analysis and measured their serum sterol signatures using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: After intervention, most serum sterol signatures that correspond to cholesterol metabolism were significantly different between groups (p < 0.05 by analysis of covariance [ANCOVA]). We found no differences in plant sterols, which are markers of cholesterol absorption. In the exercise group, desmosterol, cholesteryl esters, and oxysterols decreased significantly. Furthermore, only changes in physical activity levels negatively correlated with changes in the metabolic ratios of desmosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, which reflect cholesterol biosynthesis (r = -0.411; p = 0.030, and r = -0.540; p = 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that exercise with or without ADF improves cholesterol metabolism as measured by serum sterol signatures, and increased physical activity has a greater effect on cholesterol biosynthesis than weight reduction or calorie restriction.
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