Advances in delivery systems for doxorubicin.

Doxorubicin is a widely used chemotherapy agent. Despite its utility, several adverse side effects, especially its irreversible cardiotoxicity and reversible nephrotoxicity, have prompted the development of liposomal carriers, many of which are FDA approved. Antitumor efficacies of approved liposome-Dox preparations can equal or exceed that of conventional doxorubicin. Because these liposomes carriers accumulate in solid tumor tissues via an enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect, these carriers have an improved safety profile. Nevertheless, a significant problem with the current drug delivery preparations of doxorubicin is a lack of efficacy toward tumors that exhibit multidrug resistance. In this review, we consider the development of drug delivery systems for doxorubicin, which improve the therapeutic window (efficacy and safety) and which address limitations of the current FDA-approved doxorubicin formulations.