Beth Imhoff-Kunsch1, Iju Shakya1,2, Salome Aroma Diatalau Namohunu3, Anna Pitaboe4, Pierre Wong5, Becky L Tsang1, Karen Codling1, Jessica Foley1, Helena Pachón1,2. 1. 1 Independent Consultant to Food Fortification Initiative, Atlanta, GA, USA. 2. 2 Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. 3. 3 Reproductive and Child Health Division, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Solomon Islands Government, Honiara, Solomon Islands. 4. 4 National Statistics Office, Ministry of Finance and Treasury, Solomon Islands Government, Honiara, Solomon Islands. 5. 5 Secretariat for the Pacific Community, Nouméa, New Caledonia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Solomon Islands (SI) mandated wheat flour fortification in 2010. Rice is a key staple food in SI, and its fortification may provide an opportunity to deliver additional micronutrients to the population. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether fortified rice (proposed) and fortified wheat flour potentially benefit women of reproductive age (WRA). METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2012-2013 Household Income and Expenditure Survey to quantify food purchases, which served as a proxy for food consumption. We accounted for varied household composition by using adult male equivalent (AME) adjustments. RESULTS: Among 4478 households, 95.6% purchased rice and 86.6% purchased at least 1 food containing fortified wheat flour in the previous 14 days. Median apparent intake of rice among WRA was 205 g/d/AME. If fortified according to proposed standards, this apparent intake could result in the consumption of 12.3 mg iron/d, fulfilling 44% of the estimated average requirement (EAR), and 226 µg folic acid/d, satisfying 57% of World Health Organization's recommended intake of 400 µg/d. Overall, apparent rice consumption could fulfill 113%, 114%, and 131% of the EAR for WRA for zinc, thiamin, and niacin, respectively. Fortified wheat flour was consumed in much lower quantities, with an estimated apparent median intake of 22 g/d/AME among WRA and 78 g/d/AME among women in urban populations. CONCLUSIONS: The potential benefit of fortified wheat flour in SI is likely limited to urban populations. Apparent consumption of fortified rice in SI could contribute considerably to daily intake of iron, B vitamins including folic acid, and zinc among WRA.
BACKGROUND: Solomon Islands (SI) mandated wheat flour fortification in 2010. Rice is a key staple food in SI, and its fortification may provide an opportunity to deliver additional micronutrients to the population. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether fortified rice (proposed) and fortified wheat flour potentially benefit women of reproductive age (WRA). METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2012-2013 Household Income and Expenditure Survey to quantify food purchases, which served as a proxy for food consumption. We accounted for varied household composition by using adult male equivalent (AME) adjustments. RESULTS: Among 4478 households, 95.6% purchased rice and 86.6% purchased at least 1 food containing fortified wheat flour in the previous 14 days. Median apparent intake of rice among WRA was 205 g/d/AME. If fortified according to proposed standards, this apparent intake could result in the consumption of 12.3 mg iron/d, fulfilling 44% of the estimated average requirement (EAR), and 226 µg folic acid/d, satisfying 57% of World Health Organization's recommended intake of 400 µg/d. Overall, apparent rice consumption could fulfill 113%, 114%, and 131% of the EAR for WRA for zinc, thiamin, and niacin, respectively. Fortified wheat flour was consumed in much lower quantities, with an estimated apparent median intake of 22 g/d/AME among WRA and 78 g/d/AME among women in urban populations. CONCLUSIONS: The potential benefit of fortified wheat flour in SI is likely limited to urban populations. Apparent consumption of fortified rice in SI could contribute considerably to daily intake of iron, B vitamins including folic acid, and zinc among WRA.
Authors: Katherine P Adams; Stephen A Vosti; Mduduzi N N Mbuya; Valerie M Friesen; Reina Engle-Stone Journal: Adv Nutr Date: 2022-06-01 Impact factor: 11.567
Authors: Katherine P Adams; Hanqi Luo; Stephen A Vosti; Justin Kagin; Ismael Ngnie-Teta; Alex Ndjebayi; Jules Guintang Assiene; Reina Engle-Stone Journal: Ann N Y Acad Sci Date: 2021-12-09 Impact factor: 6.499
Authors: Valerie M Friesen; Mduduzi N N Mbuya; Grant J Aaron; Helena Pachón; Olufemi Adegoke; Ramadhani A Noor; Rina Swart; Archileo Kaaya; Frank T Wieringa; Lynnette M Neufeld Journal: J Nutr Date: 2020-08-01 Impact factor: 4.798