Shankargouda Patil1,2, Kamran Habib Awan3, Gururaj Arakeri4,5, Abdulsalam Aljabab4, Marco Ferrari1, Carolina C Gomes6, Ricardo S Gomez7, Peter A Brennan8. 1. Department of Medical Biotechnologies, School of Dental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. 2. Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. 3. College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah. 4. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 5. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Navodaya Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India. 6. Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 7. Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 8. Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: There has been a recent rise in popularity of waterpipe smoking (WPS) among younger people. While it is a tobacco-related product, research on the possible deleterious effects on health and its relationship with cancer is sparse. In this paper, we evaluated the existing literature and association of WPS with head and neck cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and grey literature from January 1990 up to and including March 2017 were searched. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection according to eligibility criteria. RESULTS: A total of seven studies that met the eligibility criteria were included. In four studies that evaluated the associated risk of oesophageal cancer, the odds ratio (OR) ranged from 1.69 (95% CI = 0.76-3.77) to 21.4 (95% CI = 11.6-39.5). The OR for the association of WPS with nasopharyngeal cancer and oral cancer was reported to be 0.49 (95% CI = 0.20-1.43) and 4.20 (95% CI = 1.32-13.3), respectively. One study that evaluated risk in different head and neck cancers reported 2-fold OR (2.73 [95% CI = 1.65-4.41]). CONCLUSION: On the basis of our evaluation, there is an association of WPS with head and neck cancer. However, larger studies with standardized methods are needed to identify the possible detrimental health effects of WPS more fully.
INTRODUCTION: There has been a recent rise in popularity of waterpipe smoking (WPS) among younger people. While it is a tobacco-related product, research on the possible deleterious effects on health and its relationship with cancer is sparse. In this paper, we evaluated the existing literature and association of WPS with head and neck cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and grey literature from January 1990 up to and including March 2017 were searched. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection according to eligibility criteria. RESULTS: A total of seven studies that met the eligibility criteria were included. In four studies that evaluated the associated risk of oesophageal cancer, the odds ratio (OR) ranged from 1.69 (95% CI = 0.76-3.77) to 21.4 (95% CI = 11.6-39.5). The OR for the association of WPS with nasopharyngeal cancer and oral cancer was reported to be 0.49 (95% CI = 0.20-1.43) and 4.20 (95% CI = 1.32-13.3), respectively. One study that evaluated risk in different head and neck cancers reported 2-fold OR (2.73 [95% CI = 1.65-4.41]). CONCLUSION: On the basis of our evaluation, there is an association of WPS with head and neck cancer. However, larger studies with standardized methods are needed to identify the possible detrimental health effects of WPS more fully.