Pre-optimisation of patients undergoing emergency laparotomy: a review of best practice.

Although the concept of pre-operative optimisation is traditionally applied to elective surgery, there is ample opportunity to apply similar principles to patients undergoing emergency laparotomy. The key challenge is achieving meaningful improvements in a patient's condition without introducing delays to time-sensitive surgery, which may be required in a matter of hours. Optimisation can be considered in two parts: that of the patient's condition; and that of the care pathway. Optimising the patient's condition is less about improving long-term pathology, and more about correcting physiological derangement, such as electrolyte and fluid balance, blood loss, prompt treatment of sepsis, and ensuring appropriate continuation of medication in the peri-operative period. Optimising the care pathway involves ensuring that the system is designed to deliver reliably the appropriate interventions, such as prompt antibiotics, and access to computed tomography scanning and the operating theatre with minimal delay.