Comprehensive risk management of diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. An increase in the severity of albuminuria and a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, by which the DKD stages are categorized, are associated with higher risks of not only end-stage renal disease but also all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Thus, an optimal management strategy and adequate assessment of therapeutic success are of great clinical and societal relevance to improve the prognosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and DKD. At present, comprehensive risk management for glycemia, blood pressure, lipid profile, and lifestyle habits is emphasized with respect to cardio-renal protection, rather than one single risk management approach. However, the pharmacological therapy aiming at strict control of these risk factors may be associated with an increased risk of adverse effects, particularly in older adults with diabetes. Accordingly, in the clinical practice of diabetes care, we need to individualize the treatment goals for each risk factor according to the health and social status of each patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus and DKD.