Tumor Microenvironment in T-Cell Lymphomas.

T-cell lymphomas (TCL) are uncommon non-Hodgkin lymphomas that often have an aggressive clinical course. Patients typically have limited treatment options upon relapse and a dismal prognosis after progression despite newly approved therapies. New therapeutic approaches for these orphan diseases are very much needed and a greater understanding of the role of nonmalignant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment may allow for an improved antitumor immune response. The tumor microenvironment is a key component in tumor evasion and typically results in an ineffective T-cell response to the tumor cells despite a significant inflammatory response. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment therefore, in an effort to overcome the barriers to an effective immune response, would help in developing novel therapeutic approaches to treat and improve outcomes of these diseases. Immune checkpoint blockade to reinvigorate suppressed T-cell, or modulation of the CD47-SIRPalpha axis to promote macrophage phagocytosis, would be such targets. However, whether modulating the immune response using each pathway alone or whether a combination approach is necessary has yet to be determined.