Binary and Nonbinary Measures of Successful Aging: Do They Yield Comparable Conclusions?

Recently, some researchers have employed nonbinary measures of successful aging. Little has been done to determine whether these newer measures yield similar findings compared to traditional binary measures. To test for differences, three measures of successful aging were constructed within five waves of the Americans' Changing Lives data set. A number of demographic, behavioral, and psychosocial predictors were used to predict each outcome, examining whether estimates of effect sizes and statistical significance were similar across measures. Although many effect sizes were similar, conclusions regarding statistical significance were inconsistent. For instance, the binary measure downplayed income gradients, the ordinal measure found more racial disparities, and the continuous measure was most likely to detect effects for stressful life events. These differences may be due to the statistical techniques used to handle each outcome. Results imply that uneven application of operationalization approaches may complicate replication efforts, suggesting a need for consistent measurement standards.