Orienka Hellferscee1,2, Florette K Treurnicht1, Sibongile Walaza1,3, Mignon Du Plessis1, Anne Von Gottberg1,2, Nicole Wolter1,2, Jocelyn Moyes1,3, Halima Dawood4,5, Ebrahim Variava6,7,8, Marthi Pretorius1,9, Marietjie Venter1,10, Cheryl Cohen1,3, Stefano Tempia1,11,12. 1. Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg. 2. School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. 3. School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. 4. Department of Medicine, Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Hospital. 5. Department of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg. 6. Department of Medicine, Klerksdorp-Tshepong Hospital Complex, Klerksdorp. 7. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa. 8. Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 9. Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. 10. Center for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa. 11. Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. 12. Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The association of rhinovirus (RV) detection to illness is poorly understood. METHODS: We enrolled case patients hospitalized with severe respiratory illness (SRI) at 2 hospitals and outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and asymptomatic individuals (controls) from 2 affiliated clinics during 2013-2015. We compared the RV prevalence among ILI and SRI cases to those of controls stratified by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus using penalized logistic regression. The attributable fraction (AF) was calculated. RESULTS: During 2013-2015, RV was detected in 17.4% (368/2120), 26.8% (979/3654), and 23.0% (1003/4360) of controls, ILI cases, and SRI cases, respectively. The RV AF (95% confidence interval) was statistically significant among children aged <5 years (ILI: 44.6% [30.7%-55.7%] and SRI: 50.3% [38.6%-59.9%]; P < .001) and individuals aged ≥5 years (ILI: 62.9% [54.4%-69.8%] and SRI: 51.3% [38.7%-61.3%]; P < .001) as well as among HIV-infected (ILI: 59.9% [45.8%-70.3%] and SRI: 39.8% [22.3%-53.3%]; P < .001) and HIV-uninfected (ILI: 53.6% [44.7%-61.1%] and SRI: 55.3% [45.6%-63.2%]; P < .001) individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Although RV detection was common among controls, it was also associated with a substantial proportion of clinical illness across age groups, irrespective of HIV status.
BACKGROUND: The association of rhinovirus (RV) detection to illness is poorly understood. METHODS: We enrolled case patients hospitalized with severe respiratory illness (SRI) at 2 hospitals and outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and asymptomatic individuals (controls) from 2 affiliated clinics during 2013-2015. We compared the RV prevalence among ILI and SRI cases to those of controls stratified by humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus using penalized logistic regression. The attributable fraction (AF) was calculated. RESULTS: During 2013-2015, RV was detected in 17.4% (368/2120), 26.8% (979/3654), and 23.0% (1003/4360) of controls, ILI cases, and SRI cases, respectively. The RVAF (95% confidence interval) was statistically significant among children aged <5 years (ILI: 44.6% [30.7%-55.7%] and SRI: 50.3% [38.6%-59.9%]; P < .001) and individuals aged ≥5 years (ILI: 62.9% [54.4%-69.8%] and SRI: 51.3% [38.7%-61.3%]; P < .001) as well as among HIV-infected (ILI: 59.9% [45.8%-70.3%] and SRI: 39.8% [22.3%-53.3%]; P < .001) and HIV-uninfected (ILI: 53.6% [44.7%-61.1%] and SRI: 55.3% [45.6%-63.2%]; P < .001) individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Although RV detection was common among controls, it was also associated with a substantial proportion of clinical illness across age groups, irrespective of HIV status.
Authors: H Harvala; C L McIntyre; N J McLeish; J Kondracka; J Palmer; P Molyneaux; R Gunson; S Bennett; K Templeton; P Simmonds Journal: J Med Virol Date: 2012-03 Impact factor: 2.327
Authors: Laura L Hammitt; Sidi Kazungu; Susan C Morpeth; Dustin G Gibson; Benedict Mvera; Andrew J Brent; Salim Mwarumba; Clayton O Onyango; Anne Bett; Donald O Akech; David R Murdoch; D James Nokes; J Anthony G Scott Journal: Clin Infect Dis Date: 2012-04 Impact factor: 9.079
Authors: Robert F Breiman; Leonard Cosmas; M Njenga; John Williamson; Joshua A Mott; Mark A Katz; Dean D Erdman; Eileen Schneider; M Oberste; John C Neatherlin; Henry Njuguna; Daniel M Ondari; Kennedy Odero; George O Okoth; Beatrice Olack; Newton Wamola; Joel M Montgomery; Barry S Fields; Daniel R Feikin Journal: BMC Infect Dis Date: 2015-02-25 Impact factor: 3.090
Authors: Rosalyn J Singleton; Lisa R Bulkow; Karen Miernyk; Carolynn DeByle; Lori Pruitt; Kimberlee Boyd Hummel; Dana Bruden; Janet A Englund; Larry J Anderson; Lynne Lucher; Robert C Holman; Thomas W Hennessy Journal: J Med Virol Date: 2010-07 Impact factor: 2.327