Prevention of Malignant Transformation of Oral Leukoplakia and Oral Lichen Planus Using Laser: An Observational Study

Objectives: The present observational study was conducted with an aim to evaluate the efficacy of diode laser in management of homogenous oral leukoplakia (OL) and reticular oral lichen planus (OLP), so that these potentially malignant disorders can be limited and further malignant transformation can be prevented. Further the assessment of associated postoperative complications after laser therapy was also carried out. Study Design: Present study was carried out using diode laser 810nm on 60 subjects, of whom 30 subjects were of homogenous OL and 30 subjects were of reticular OLP aged between 20 – 60 years, the diagnosis of which was histopathologically confirmed.
Results: Of the 60 subjects none complained of pain during and immediately after surgery with no bleeding at any stage of the procedure. By the end of 3rd day post operative most subjects reported no pain and swelling and very few subjects had negligible pain and swelling when evaluated. On subsequent follow-up of 1,2 and 4 week(s) none of the subject reported of pain, swelling or bleeding and it was noted that all the areas treated with laser had healed without scarring with no signs of recurrence. Fibrosis was seen in two male patients and one female patient treated for OL and OLP respectively.
Conclusion: Patient compliance and contentment without any postoperative complications were observed to be of high degree in the present study. Thus diode laser can be considered as a best alternative to conventional surgical treatment modality in managing OL and OLP and preventing its further transformation. Creative Commons Attribution License

Introduction

The diode laser belongs to a group of active solid semiconductor laser which works on the principle of converting electrical energy into light energy by the use of elements such as gallium, arsenic, aluminium and indium (Akbulut et al., 2013). Light energy emitted by the diode laser (wavelength 810 – 890 nm) is mostly absorbed by the soft tissue rather than the hard tissue structures. (Aras et al., 2010). This renders the use of these lasers in treatment of oral soft tissue lesions.

Laser intervention prevents recurrence and restricts malignant transformation, and also reduces post-operative dysfunctions. Post-laser therapy recurrence is reported as ranging from 7.7- 38.1% and malignant transformation as ranging from 2.6-9% (Ishii et al., 2003; Ishii et al., 2004).

The advantages of using laser in treatment of oral lesions includes; the haemostatic effect (giving a clear field of operation), brief therapeutic intervention, reduced traumatization of adjoining tissues (reduced inflammatory response and pain). In most of the cases healing is magnificent, when an ideal coagulation/ablation ratio is specified, with limited contraction of treated area. The only disadvantage of using laser as a treatment modality is destruction of the removed tissue, that leads to limited histopathological analysis and delayed epithelial regeneration. when compared to surgical excision with suture (Ishii et al., 2004; Vivek et al., 2008; Hamadah et al., 2009).

Considering the ease, painless procedure, minimal postoperative complications and less chances of recurrence and also the limited amount of research that assess the use of laser in management of potentially malignant disorders i.e. oral leukoplakia (OL) and oral lichen planus (OLP), the present observational research was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of diode laser in the management of the same, so as to restrict these potentially malignant disorders and further malignant transformation can be prevented.

Materials and Methods

The present study was carried out for a duration of 1 year, subsequent to the approval of the ethical committee of the institute. Patients with history of white patch/lesion were screened and selected from the routine OPD of the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. 60 subjects, aged 20 to 60 years, of either sex, having white patch/lesion (more than 1 cm and less than 4 cm in its greatest dimension) and histopatologically diagnosed as homogenous oral leukoplakia and reticular oral lichen planus, were included in the study. Out of these 60 subjects 30 subjects were having homogenous oral leukoplakia and 30 subjects were having reticular oral lichen planus Subjects with any other lesion in the affected area; under anticoagulants, systemic steroids and immunosuppressive drugs; diagnosed with carcinoma; having HIV; or pregnant women, were excluded from the study.

After selection of subject following clinical examination, a punch biopsy was carried out to confirm the diagnosis of homogenous oral leukoplakia and reticular oral lichen planus. Following confirmatory histopatological diagnosis the subjects underwent management using diode laser (Cheese™ Mini Dental Diode Laser Systems, Gigaa Laser, China). After following the standard protocol for safety topical anesthesia was applied over the affected site. Laser tip of 320 micro meters was used in continuous mode. The duration of application was approximately 10-12 seconds per side at 3 – 5 W at a wavelength of 810 nm which varied according to lesion size under non-contact mode. The lesion was irradiated till the area changed to white (photocoagulation). 2 mm of normal mucosa along the margins was also included.

Pain was evaluated using standard visual analogue scale (VAS) i.e. scoring between 0 - 10. For swelling a score between 0 – 3 (0 – No Swelling; 1 – Mild Swelling; 2 – Moderate Swelling; 3 – Severe Swelling) was given. For bleeding a score between 0 – 3 (0 – No Bleeding; 1 – Mild Bleeding; 2 – Moderate Bleeding; 3 – Heavy Bleeding) was given. For coagulation a score between 0 – 3 (0 – No Coagulation; 1 – Little Coagulation; 2 – Good Coagulation; 3 – Very Good Coagulation) was given. For dysplasia a scoring between 0 – 3 (0 – No Dysplasia; 1 – Mild Dysplasia; 2 – Moderate Dysplasia; 3 – Severe Dysplasia) was given.

After successful completion of treatment all the cases were examined within first 3 days, then 1,2 and 4 week(s). The post operative complications such as pain, bleeding, swelling, functional disturbances, wound healing and recurrence were evaluated. Also any fibrosis over the site of irradiation was carefully recorded at the end of four weeks.

The clinical evaluation of the present study was divided in to 7 stages and during evaluation the scoring criteria was used. The 7 stages are as follows:

a) Before treatment: Histopathological confirmation

b) During Treatment: Evaluation of pain and coagulation.

c) Directly after Laser Treatment: Evaluation of pain and bleeding.

d) 3 days post treatment: Evaluation of post operative complications such as pain, bleeding and swelling.

e) 1 week post treatment: The same post operative complications were evaluated as that on 3rd day.

f) 2 week post treatment: Evaluation of the same post operative complications as that on 1 week post operative along with wound healing.

g) 4 week post treatment: Evaluation of wound healing along with post operative complication was carried out.

As a precautionary measure all patients were prescribed analgesics for pain and advised to take if needed. Also the patients who underwent treatment were strictly advised and counseled to abstain from use of tobacco and alcohol.

The data obtained was tabulated using Microsoft Excel and subjected to observations.

Results

Out of total 30 OL subjects 21 were males aged between 20 - 60 years, with a mean of 41.86 ± 11.01 years and 9 were females aged between 35 - 60 years, with a mean of 47.22 ± 7.34 years, and out of 30 OLP subjects 12 were males aged between 26 - 52 years, with a mean of 43.7 ± 9.6 years, and 18 females, aged between 20 – 60 years, with a mean age of 46.8 ± 7.9 years.

The clinical evaluation and observations were divided into 7 stages.

Before Treatment

All subjects underwent biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and also evaluation of dysplastic changes. On observation maximum number of subjects were having no dysplasia and a very few were mildly dysplastic (Table 1). The most common site was buccal mucosa followed by labial mucosa (Table 2).

Table 1

Evaluation of Dysplasia

Site	Oral Leukoplakia		Oral Lichen Planus
	No. of Patients	Percentage %	No. of Patients	Percentage %
Buccal Mucosa	22	73.33	28	93.30
Labial Mucosa	7	23.33	2	6.70
Tongue	1	3.34	0	0

Table 2

Distribution of OL and OLP in Oral Cavity

Score (0 – 3)	Degree of Pain	Oral Leukoplakia				Oral Lichen Planus
		No. of Patients			Percentage %	No. of Patients			Percentage %
0	No Dysplasia	Males	18	27	90	Males	12	30	40
		Females	9			Females	18		60
2	Mild Dysplasia	Males	3	3	10	Males	0		0
		Females	0			Females	0		0
3	Moderate Dysplasia	0			0	0			0
4	Severe Dysplasia	0			0	0			0

During Laser Treatment

On observation none of the subjects felt any kind of pain during treatment. For coagulation patients showed good coagulation followed by very good coagulation (Table 3).

Table 3

Evaluation of Coagulation During Laser Treatment

Score (0 – 3)	Degree of Bleeding	Oral Leukoplakia				Oral Lichen Planus
		No. of Patients			Percentage %	No. of Patients			Percentage %
0	No Bleeding	Males	15	23	76.60	Males	10	25	83.30
		Females	8			Females	15
1	Mild Bleeding	Males	6	7	23.40	Males	2	5	16.70
		Females	1			Females	3
2	Moderate Bleeding	0			0	0			0
3	Heavy Bleeding	0			0	0			0

Directly after Laser Treatment

On evaluation none of the study group subjects felt any kind of pain directly after laser treatment. Also maximum subjects responded to laser treatment with no bleeding (Table 4).

Table 4

Evaluation of Bleeding Directly after Laser Treatment

Score (0 – 3)	Degree of Coagulation	Oral Leukoplakia				Oral Lichen Planus
		No. of Patients			Percentage %	No. of Patients			Percentage %
0	No Coagulation	0			0	0			0
1	Little Coagulation	0			0	0			0
2	Good Coagulation	Males	13	17	56.60	Males	9	19	66.30
		Females	4			Females	10
3	Very Good	Males	8	13	43.40	Males	9	11	36.70
	Coagulation	Females	5			Females	8

Three days post treatment

No subjects reported with post operative bleeding. Evaluation of pain revealed that mostly the subjects had no pain and only a few reported with negligible pain (Table 5). Also most of the subjects did not report any post operative swelling while a few had little swelling (Table 6).

Table 5

Evaluation of Pain on 3rd Day Post Treatment

Score (VAS scale)	Degree of Pain	Oral Leukoplakia				Oral Lichen Planus
		No. of Patients			Percentage %	No. of Patients			Percentage %
0	No Pain	Males	19	25	83.30	Males	12	27	90
		Females	6			Females	15
1	Negligible Pain	Males	2	5	16.70	Males	0	3	10
		Females	3			Females	3

Table 6

Evaluation of Swelling on 3rd Day Post Treatment

Score (0 – 3)	Degree of Swelling	Oral Leukoplakia				Oral Lichen Planus
		No. of Patients			Percentage %	No. of Patients			Percentage %
0	No Swelling	Males	13	19	63.30	Males	12	29	96.60
		Females	6			Females	17
1	Mild Swelling	Males	8	11	36.70	Males	0	1	3.70
		Females	3			Females	1
2	Moderate Swelling	0			0	0			0
3	Severe Swelling	0			0	0			0

Clinical Presentation of Oral Leukoplakia

Immediately after Laser Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia

Three Days Post Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia

One Week Post Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia

Two Weeks Post Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia

Four Week Post Treatment of Oral Leukoplakia

One week post treatment

On evaluation no subject had reported with post operative bleeding and swelling. But only one male subject treated for OL had pain which scored 1 (negligible) on the VAS scale.

Two weeks post treatment

All the subjects did not have any post operative complications i.e. pain, bleeding or swelling. Also the wound healing appeared to be normal.

Four weeks post treatment

All the post operative complications were re-evaluated and were found to be satisfactory. Further, on evaluating the site for signs of fibrosis we observed that the lesion healed with fibrosis in 2 male patients treated for OL and 1 female patient treated for OLP. No recurrence of either OL or OLP was observed.

Discussion

Oral leukoplakia (OL) is the most frequently seen pre-neoplastic lesion, clinically classified into homogenous and non-homogenous leukoplakia. It is often related to tobacco addiction, and almost 80% of patients are smoker. Clinically it is seen as a white lesion of more than 5 mm diameter, which is non-scrapable. It is more prevalent in males than females. Approximately 70% of OL lesions are found on the buccal mucosa, vermillion border of lower lip and on gingiva (Amagasa et al., 1979; Warnakulasuriya et al., 2007).

It has also been reported that the localization of OL is found on gingiva, and other sites such as tongue, buccal mucosa, the floor of the mouth and palatal mucosa in decreasing order, while that on the lip is rare (Amagasa et al., 2011; Kazaoka et al., 1990).

Prevalence of OL has been reported differently in various studies varying from 1.55 to 3.28% in three different districts in India (Pindborg et al., 1968), 3.1 – 6.2% in three different districts of Papua New Guinea (Pindborg et al., 1968), 11.7% in Indians (Silverman et al., 1976), 2.89% in white Americans (Bouquot and Gorlin, 1986), and 2.5% in Japanese (Ikeda et al., 1991).

A lesion that occurs subsequently at the primary site after treatment is considered as recurrence. Recurrence occurs from remnants of white plaque, which remains even after treatment, which can grow and increase in size afterwards (Horch et al., 1986). This was the reason that in the present study along with the white patch 2 mm of surrounding mucosa was also removed to lower the chances of recurrence.

Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is considered to be a chronic immunological inflammatory disease clinically classified into 6 types (reticular, papular, plaque type, atrophic, erosive and bullous), with few of its types associated with pain or burning sensation. It has been reported to be more prevalent in females than males. The most common management of OLP includes topical or systemic steroids and sometimes both, which are well known for their side effects and contra-indications. Moreover, this treatment is prolonged and has patient dependency. So, there pitfalls can be overcome by the use of laser therapy (Abraham and Lankupalli, 2014; Raval et al., 2011; Reddy et al., 2015; Soliman et al., 2005).

Sometimes, conventional surgical management of OL and also OLP may become difficult. Most common problem encountered is bleeding (because of rich vascularization of oral structures). Another problem is large extensive lesions, which leave large post-operative defects. In such cases defects need to be covered with different flaps or mucosa or even skin graft. In both cases a longer operation and second intervention (donor site) need to be considered. It also causes post-operative complications like edema or pain and also tissue scar formation after healing is more pronounced, which may lead to functional disturbances (e.g. limitation of mouth opening). By the use of laser we can avoid these inconveniences of conventional surgery (Bögözi and Bocskay, 2011).

For the management of lesions pertaining to the oral soft tissues, diode lasers are preferred because their penetration depth is based on wavelength i.e. from 2 – 3 mm and the mode of delivery is with a fibro-optic cable using a hand piece in pulse or continuous mode. Its cutting efficacy is more of optical than thermal which provides a clean cutting edge, bloodless field of view and minimal scarring (Raval et al., 2011).

Laser surgery is advantageous for the patient and the surgeon. It controls hemorrhage during and after procedure and provides better visibility of operating field. Also there is minimal damage to adjoining structures and reduces postoperative complications and chances of infection. Histopathological features reported from studies carried out for wound healing post laser treatment show few myofibroblasts, suggesting to be effector of wound contraction (Chu et al., 1988; Frame, 1985; Ishii et al., 2003; Pinheiro and Frame, 1996; Roodenburg et al., 1991; Rossmann et al., 1994).

However, laser surgery has its own disadvantages. First disadvantage is that a pre-operative biopsy need to be performed, secondly, epithelial regeneration is delayed and wound takes more time to re-epithelialize, third being safety precautions during laser procedure both for patient and operator (Chu et al., 1988; Frame, 1985).

In the present study, 810 nm diode laser was opted mainly because of its ease of use, treating large areas in single application and precise control. The depth of penetration is more with diode laser thus it completely ablates the epithelium owing to minimal chance of recurrence. Thus advantages like fine cutting ability and the tolerable damage zone with increased depth of penetration clearly shows the effectiveness of diode laser.

In the present study no recurrence was observed for OL or OLP, which is in contradiction to the study conducted by Ravan et al., (2011) in which 10 patients of OL and OLP were treated and recurrence was observed in 2 cases.

In a somewhat similar research carried out by Lalabonova et al., (2012) on 17 patients diagnosed with OL and treated using Nd-YAG, showed complete healing by the end of 4th week with no post operative complication. Their findings are very well in accordance with the present study.

Akbulunt et al., (2013) in their study evaluated the effects of the same diode laser in 27 patients including 5 patients of OL and 5 patients of OLP and reported no complications, with complete healing of lesions by the end of 2nd week and 4th week respectively. Their findings are completely in agreement with the present study where complete healing of OL and OLP was observed by the end of 4th week.

In our study all the patients accepted the laser surgery very well and it was operator friendly with no post-operative complications, this statement is in accordance to the study carried out by Syed et al., (2009) for evaluation of CO2 laser in excision of OL. The only difference being the type of laser used in both the studies, but both gave a positive and promising result.

The results of the present study are in harmony with the study carried out by Trehan and Taylor (2004) who also concluded that non-erosive OLP deemed fair responders to laser therapy treatment.

The present study is in partial disagreement with the study conducted by Kollner et al., (2003) who concluded that out of 8 patients treated for OLP, 2 showed complete recurrence, where as in our study no recurrence of OLP was observed. Passeron et al., (2004) carried out a short study on four patients and observed that there was recurrence in three cases. The reason for recurrence in both the cases can be justified by the difference in the type of laser being used in the previous studies.

In our study it was observed that all the subjects showed signs of healing with no scarring by the end of 4th week post-operative. These findings are in concurrence with previous studies by Deppe et al., (2007), Raval et al., (2011) and Romanos et al., (1999), where all the authors concluded that they observed favorable healing with no scarring after the use of diode laser for treating pre-malignant lesions.

It was observed that during treatment of OL and OLP using diode laser none of the patients showed no coagulation, rather the coagulation was good which gave a bloodless working condition (Deppe and Horch, 2007; Goharkhay et al., 1999; Kende et al., 2011; Romanos and Nentwig, 1999).

Previously authors have compared different types of lasers in treatment of OL. One such study was conducted by Sarkar et al., (2015) who compared diode laser and Er, Cr; YSGG laser and observed that pain was minimal, hemostasis was favorable and wound healing was good with no post-operative complications when diode laser was used while, Er, Cr; YSGG laser caused slight discomfort to patient, profuse bleeding during procedure. This was one of the reasons that we chose to use diode laser instead of any other laser.

In the present study it was noted that diode laser showed excellent wound healing without any scarring. Also in relation to hemostasis diode laser was found to be superior and gave a bloodless field of view while operating with no post-operative bleeding. In regard to pain diode laser caused no pain during surgery, directly after surgery and also on subsequent follow-up. Though few patients reported with pain and swelling but it was negligible. Thus through this study it is justified to say that diode laser which is portable, easy to handle and less expensive serves as an excellent tool for treatment of homogenous OL and reticular OLP, and these conditions can be successfully treated and their malignant transformation can be prevented without any post-operative complications and oral dysfunction.

Thus it is concluded that 810 nm diode lasers have a positive outcome and do serve as a reliable and successful alternative treatment modality over conventional surgical treatment of OL and OLP without any post-operative complications and without compromising the health and function of the patient. It is also advocated that further studies would be rewarding if a larger sample size and other types of OL and OLP, be included and a long term follow-up is made to determine the incidence of any recurrence or malignant transformation so that, diode laser can be made a novel therapeutic approach for management of OL and OLP.