Francesca Schiaffino1,2, Gwenyth O Lee3,4, Maribel Paredes-Olortegui5, Lilia Cabrera5, Pablo Penataro-Yori1,5, Robert H Gilman1,2,5, Margaret N Kosek1,5. 1. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. 2. Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. 3. Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana. 4. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 5. Research and Development Area, Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Iquitos, Lima, Peru.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) scar formation is considered a visual marker of vaccination and cell-mediated immune response. This study characterized the association between pregnancy and birth characteristics with BCG scar formation. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant women were enrolled prospectively. Infants were followed up for the first 6 months of life, and the diameter of the BCG scar was recorded. Marginal models were fitted to assess the association of BCG scar diameter with pregnancy and birth characteristics using linear regressions with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: A total of 307 infants were enrolled, of whom 19.2% (59/307) were of low birth weight. Among those with known gestational age, 7.1% were preterm births (21/295). Overall, 98.7% (303/307) of infants developed a BCG scar. BCG scar trends in a tropical environment, such as the Amazon, differ from the trends evidenced in the capital of Peru. For every additional week of gestational age, the mean scar diameter increased by 0.1 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.24; p = 0.017). Maternal illness during pregnancy impacted BCG scar size, as the infants of mothers who self-report fever had a smaller scar diameter (1 mm, 95% CI: 0.5, 1.8 mm; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The immune reaction to the BCG vaccination is affected by gestational age at birth and systemic inflammatory episodes during pregnancy. Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.
BACKGROUND:Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) scar formation is considered a visual marker of vaccination and cell-mediated immune response. This study characterized the association between pregnancy and birth characteristics with BCG scar formation. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant women were enrolled prospectively. Infants were followed up for the first 6 months of life, and the diameter of the BCG scar was recorded. Marginal models were fitted to assess the association of BCG scar diameter with pregnancy and birth characteristics using linear regressions with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: A total of 307 infants were enrolled, of whom 19.2% (59/307) were of low birth weight. Among those with known gestational age, 7.1% were preterm births (21/295). Overall, 98.7% (303/307) of infants developed a BCG scar. BCG scar trends in a tropical environment, such as the Amazon, differ from the trends evidenced in the capital of Peru. For every additional week of gestational age, the mean scar diameter increased by 0.1 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.24; p = 0.017). Maternal illness during pregnancy impacted BCG scar size, as the infants of mothers who self-report fever had a smaller scar diameter (1 mm, 95% CI: 0.5, 1.8 mm; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The immune reaction to the BCG vaccination is affected by gestational age at birth and systemic inflammatory episodes during pregnancy. Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.
Authors: Thomas Nørrelykke Nissen; Nina Marie Birk; Gaby Smits; Dorthe Lisbeth Jeppesen; Lone Graff Stensballe; Mihai G Netea; Fiona van der Klis; Christine Stabell Benn; Ole Pryds Journal: Vaccine Date: 2017-03-15 Impact factor: 3.641
Authors: Clara Amalie Gade Timmermann; Sofie Biering-Sørensen; Peter Aaby; Ane Baerent Fisker; Ivan Monteiro; Amabelia Rodrigues; Christine Stabell Benn; Henrik Ravn Journal: Trop Med Int Health Date: 2015-10-22 Impact factor: 2.622
Authors: Gwenyth Lee; Pablo Yori; Maribel Paredes Olortegui; William Pan; Laura Caulfield; Robert H Gilman; John W Sanders; Hermann Silva Delgado; Margaret Kosek Journal: Int J Epidemiol Date: 2012-01-17 Impact factor: 7.196
Authors: Franciele A V Dionato; Mehrsa Jalalizadeh; Keini Buosi; Marília B Visacri; Luciana S B Dal Col; Cristiane F Giacomelli; Patricia A F Leme; Cristiane L Maia; Patricia Moriel; Leonardo O Reis Journal: Vaccine Date: 2022-06-20 Impact factor: 4.169