NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammation, immunity and disease.

NOD1 and NOD2 are related intracellular sensors of bacterial peptidoglycan and belong to the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family of innate immune proteins that play fundamental and pleiotropic roles in host defense against infection and in the control of inflammation. The importance of these proteins is also highlighted by the genetic association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in NOD2 and susceptibility to Crohn's disease, an inflammatory bowel disease. At the cellular level, recent efforts have delineated the signaling pathways triggered following activation of NOD1 and NOD2, and the interplay with various cellular processes, such as autophagy. In vivo studies have revealed the importance of NOD-dependent host defense in models of infection, and a crucial area of investigation focuses on understanding the role of NOD1 and NOD2 at the intestinal mucosa, as this is of prime importance for understanding the etiology of Crohn's disease.