Parkinsonism-related β oscillations in the primate basal ganglia networks - Recent advances and clinical implications.

Today, the basal ganglia (BG) network can be viewed as a three-layer neural network in which the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) are the two BG input structures and together innervate BG downstream structures using GABA and glutamate, respectively. The striatum is larger than the STN and is the main site of dopamine depletion in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, STN is the prime target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) of patients with advanced PD. Traditionally, the efficacy of STN-DBS is attributed to the suppression of the pathological synchronous β oscillations along the cortico-thalamo BG network. In conventional DBS, stimulation is delivered continuously and equally influences normal and pathological neural activity. A DBS protocol would be therefore more effective if stimulation was only applied when necessary. We recently showed in the non-human primate model of PD that parkinsonism-related β oscillations resonate across the BG network through the STN, not the striatum. Moreover, we also demonstrated that BG β oscillations are episodic and albeit extended in parkinsonism also exists in the healthy condition. Thus, not all parkinsonian β oscillatory episodes are necessarily pathological. Remarkably, the duration of BG β episodes is more highly impacted than their magnitude in parkinsonism and may be more reliable metric - especially in STN - to discriminate between normal ("good") and pathological ("bad") β episodes. Thus, prolonged STN β episodes is suggested as one of the biomarkers of the pathological neuronal activity in parkinsonism that could be used as a trigger for adaptive DBS.