Karol Grabowski1, Agnieszka Rynkiewicz2,3, Amandine Lassalle4, Simon Baron-Cohen5, Björn Schuller6, Nicholas Cummins6, Alice Baird7, Justyna Podgórska-Bednarz8,9, Agata Pieniążek8,10,11, Izabela Łucka12. 1. Department of Psychiatry, Adult Psychiatry Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. 2. Neurodevelopmental Disorders Research Lab, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland. 3. Center for Diagnosis, Therapy and Education SPECTRUM ASC-MED, Gdansk & Rzeszow, Poland. 4. Department of Psychology, Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 5. Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 6. Department of Computing, GLAM - Group on Language, Audio, and Music, Imperial College London, London, UK. 7. Embedded Intelligence for Health Care and Wellbeing, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany. 8. Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland. 9. Association for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland. 10. SOLIS RADIUS Association for People with Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland. 11. Medical Center for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland. 12. Developmental Psychiatry, Psychotic and Geriatric Disorders Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
Abstract
AIM: Emotional expressions are one of the most widely studied topics in neuroscience, from both clinical and non-clinical perspectives. Atypical emotional expressions are seen in various psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, depression, and autism spectrum conditions. Understanding the basics of emotional expressions and recognition can be crucial for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Emotions can be expressed in the face, gesture, posture, voice, and behavior and affect physiological parameters, such as the heart rate or body temperature. With modern technology, clinicians can use a variety of tools ranging from sophisticated laboratory equipment to smartphones and web cameras. The aim of this paper is to review the currently used tools using modern technology and discuss their usefulness as well as possible future directions in emotional expression research and treatment strategies. METHODS: The authors conducted a literature review in the PubMed, EBSCO, and SCOPUS databases, using the following key words: 'emotions,' 'emotional expression,' 'affective computing,' and 'autism.' The most relevant and up-to-date publications were identified and discussed. Search results were supplemented by the authors' own research in the field of emotional expression. RESULTS: We present a critical review of the currently available technical diagnostic and therapeutic methods. The most important studies are summarized in a table. CONCLUSION: Most of the currently available methods have not been adequately validated in clinical settings. They may be a great help in everyday practice; however, they need further testing. Future directions in this field include more virtual-reality-based and interactive interventions, as well as development and improvement of humanoid robots.
AIM: Emotional expressions are one of the most widely studied topics in neuroscience, from both clinical and non-clinical perspectives. Atypical emotional expressions are seen in various psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, depression, and autism spectrum conditions. Understanding the basics of emotional expressions and recognition can be crucial for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Emotions can be expressed in the face, gesture, posture, voice, and behavior and affect physiological parameters, such as the heart rate or body temperature. With modern technology, clinicians can use a variety of tools ranging from sophisticated laboratory equipment to smartphones and web cameras. The aim of this paper is to review the currently used tools using modern technology and discuss their usefulness as well as possible future directions in emotional expression research and treatment strategies. METHODS: The authors conducted a literature review in the PubMed, EBSCO, and SCOPUS databases, using the following key words: 'emotions,' 'emotional expression,' 'affective computing,' and 'autism.' The most relevant and up-to-date publications were identified and discussed. Search results were supplemented by the authors' own research in the field of emotional expression. RESULTS: We present a critical review of the currently available technical diagnostic and therapeutic methods. The most important studies are summarized in a table. CONCLUSION: Most of the currently available methods have not been adequately validated in clinical settings. They may be a great help in everyday practice; however, they need further testing. Future directions in this field include more virtual-reality-based and interactive interventions, as well as development and improvement of humanoid robots.
Authors: Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza; José Jaime Martínez-Magaña; María Lilia López-Narváez; Thelma Beatriz González-Castro; Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop; Humberto Nicolini; Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate; Rosa Giannina Castillo-Avila Journal: Front Public Health Date: 2021-11-23