Nima Moghaddam1, Graham C Wong1, John A Cairns1, Shaun G Goodman2, Michele Perry-Arnesen3, Wendy Tocher4, Martha Mackay5,6,7, Joel Singer8,5, Terry Lee5, Sunil V Rao9, Christopher B Fordyce1. 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (N.M., G.C.W., J.A.C., C.B.F.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 2. Terrence Donnelly Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (S.G.G.). 3. Fraser Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.P.-A.). 4. Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, BC, Canada (W.T.). 5. Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute (M.M., J.S., T.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 6. School of Nursing (M.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 7. St Paul's Hospital Heart Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.M.). 8. School of Population and Public Health (J.S.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 9. The Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, NC (S.V.R.).
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anemia may confer a poor prognosis among patients with the acute coronary syndrome. However, few data exist on the association of anemia with in-hospital outcomes, including bleeding, among ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients receiving primary percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified 1919 ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients who had undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention within the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority (2007-2016) of whom 322 (16.8%) had anemia on admission. Between-group differences in (unadjusted) in-hospital outcomes, including heart failure, cardiogenic shock, major bleeding, and death were examined. Spearman correlation ( rs) and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the relationship of anemia on admission with clinical outcomes. Compared with nonanemic patients, anemic patients were more likely to have preexisting hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and prior myocardial infarction. Anemic patients had higher unadjusted rates of in-hospital death (8.1% versus 3.7%; P<0.001), bleeding (18.2% versus 9.4%; P<0.001), and were more likely to develop heart failure (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.19-2.22), shock (OR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.62-3.40), or cardiac arrest (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.10-3.40) during their hospital stay. Baseline anemia was independently associated with major bleeding (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.25-2.56) but not all-cause mortality (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.57-1.73). There was no significant correlation between anemia and overall reperfusion times (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.74-1.22). CONCLUSIONS: In a contemporary ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction cohort receiving primary percutaneous coronary intervention, nearly 1 in 5 patients were anemic. Anemia was associated with increased comorbidities and higher-risk features on presentation and was independently associated with subsequent major in-hospital bleeding but not all-cause mortality. These results suggest that anemic ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients may safely receive timely primary percutaneous coronary intervention but with particular consideration for bleeding avoidance strategies.
BACKGROUND:Anemia may confer a poor prognosis among patients with the acute coronary syndrome. However, few data exist on the association of anemia with in-hospital outcomes, including bleeding, among ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarctionpatients receiving primary percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified 1919 ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarctionpatients who had undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention within the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority (2007-2016) of whom 322 (16.8%) had anemia on admission. Between-group differences in (unadjusted) in-hospital outcomes, including heart failure, cardiogenic shock, major bleeding, and death were examined. Spearman correlation ( rs) and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the relationship of anemia on admission with clinical outcomes. Compared with nonanemic patients, anemicpatients were more likely to have preexisting hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and prior myocardial infarction. Anemicpatients had higher unadjusted rates of in-hospital death (8.1% versus 3.7%; P<0.001), bleeding (18.2% versus 9.4%; P<0.001), and were more likely to develop heart failure (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.19-2.22), shock (OR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.62-3.40), or cardiac arrest (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.10-3.40) during their hospital stay. Baseline anemia was independently associated with major bleeding (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.25-2.56) but not all-cause mortality (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.57-1.73). There was no significant correlation between anemia and overall reperfusion times (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.74-1.22). CONCLUSIONS: In a contemporary ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction cohort receiving primary percutaneous coronary intervention, nearly 1 in 5 patients were anemic. Anemia was associated with increased comorbidities and higher-risk features on presentation and was independently associated with subsequent major in-hospital bleeding but not all-cause mortality. These results suggest that anemic ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarctionpatients may safely receive timely primary percutaneous coronary intervention but with particular consideration for bleeding avoidance strategies.
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