Neonicotinoids: molecular mechanisms of action, insights into resistance and impact on pollinators.

Neonicotinoids are insecticides that target insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), exhibiting high selective toxicity to insects over vertebrates and good systemic activity in crop plants. For these reasons, neonicotinoids currently make up ∼30% of insecticide sales worldwide. However, due to their adverse impact on pollinators such as honey bees and bumble bees, neonicotinoids are being banned from the EU, and other countries may follow. It is therefore crucial to understand the mechanism underlying neonicotinoid actions on pollinators as well as on the nAChRs of pests, with a view to understanding their selectivity. Here we review the molecular mechanisms of neonicotinoid actions at an atomic level, through structural and resistance mechanism studies and propose relevant research topics for further studies on the future of pest management.