Maria Papadakaki1, Angelos Tsalkanis2, Markos Sarris3, George Pierrakos4, Ottavia Eleonora Ferraro5, Maria-Angeliki Stamouli6, Chiara Orsi7, Dietmar Otte8, Georgia Tzamalouka9, Timo Lajunen10, Türker Özkan11, Anna Morandi12, Charalampos Gnardellis13, Joannes Chliaoutakis14. 1. Laboratory of Health and Road Safety, Department of Social Work, School of Health and Social Welfare, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Estavromenos, P.C. 71004 Heraklion, Greece. Electronic address: mpapadakaki@yahoo.gr. 2. Department of Social Work, School of Health and Social Welfare, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: angtsal@teiath.gr. 3. Department of Health Care Units and Business Administration, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: msarris@teiath.gr. 4. Department of Health Care Units and Business Administration, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: gpierrakos@teiath.gr. 5. Centre of Study and Research on Road Safety, Medical School, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: ottavia.ferraro@unipv.it. 6. Department of Health Care Units and Business Administration, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece. 7. Centre of Study and Research on Road Safety, Medical School, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy. 8. Hannover Medical University, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: Otte.Dietmar@mh-hannover.de. 9. Laboratory of Health and Road Safety, Department of Social Work, School of Health and Social Welfare, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Estavromenos, P.C. 71004 Heraklion, Greece. 10. Suomalainen liikennetutkimuskeskus, Traffic Research Centre of Finland, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: timo@metu.edu.tr. 11. Suomalainen liikennetutkimuskeskus, Traffic Research Centre of Finland, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: ozturker@metu.edu.tr. 12. Centre of Study and Research on Road Safety, Medical School, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: anna.morandi@unipv.it. 13. Technological Educational Institute of Mesolonghi, Mesolonghi, Greece. 14. Laboratory of Health and Road Safety, Department of Social Work, School of Health and Social Welfare, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Estavromenos, P.C. 71004 Heraklion, Greece. Electronic address: jchlia@staff.teicrete.gr.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess the physical, psychological, and economic burden shouldered by severely injured two-wheel users in three European countries as well as the cost resulting from their hospitalization. METHODS: A total of seven public hospitals were involved in three countries: Greece, Italy, and Germany. Participants enrolled during a 12-month period starting in April 2013. Eligibility criteria included an injury sustained at Road Traffic Crashes (RTC) irrespective of the type of vehicle, hospitalization 1 day in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or sub-ICU, and age 18 years or over. Patients were interviewed at 1, 6, and 12 months upon admission. The study used widely recommended classifications for injury severity (Abbreviated Injury Severity [AIS]; Maximum Abbreviated Injury Severity [MAIS]) and standardized measures such as the Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS 2.0), "Impact of Event Scale" (IES-R), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D Scale). Health Care Expenditure was assessed through the Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC's) framework, which included measures of 'Direct' and 'Indirect' costs. Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) were used to estimate hospitalization costs. RESULTS: A total of 54 two-wheel users enrolled in the study in all the countries and 32 completed all follow-up questionnaires. Physical disability increased over 12 months following the injury. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms of avoidance remained at high levels over the study period. PTSD symptoms of intrusion improved significantly during the second half of the year under investigation. The total annual cost of injury for the two-wheel users who were hospitalized in the selected ICU of all the partner countries for severe injury in 2013/2014, was estimated at €714,491 made up of €123,457 direct and €591,034 indirect costs. Men, aged 50-64 years and those who sustained slight injuries primarily at the lower extremities presented higher indirect costs per person. A total of €1032.092 was spent on hospitalization payments. Women, aged 65+ and those who sustained severe injuries at the central body region presented higher direct costs per person. Women, aged 50-64 years, those with severe injuries and a major injury at the central body and the upper body region presented the highest hospitalization costs per person. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for effective strategies to early detect and treat groups at risk of being confronted with prolonged psychosocial and economic consequences. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: A holistic understanding of the impact of injury on individuals is important in order to achieve effective treatment of psychological co-morbidities in a timely manner.
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess the physical, psychological, and economic burden shouldered by severely injured two-wheel users in three European countries as well as the cost resulting from their hospitalization. METHODS: A total of seven public hospitals were involved in three countries: Greece, Italy, and Germany. Participants enrolled during a 12-month period starting in April 2013. Eligibility criteria included an injury sustained at Road Traffic Crashes (RTC) irrespective of the type of vehicle, hospitalization 1 day in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or sub-ICU, and age 18 years or over. Patients were interviewed at 1, 6, and 12 months upon admission. The study used widely recommended classifications for injury severity (Abbreviated Injury Severity [AIS]; Maximum Abbreviated Injury Severity [MAIS]) and standardized measures such as the Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS 2.0), "Impact of Event Scale" (IES-R), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D Scale). Health Care Expenditure was assessed through the Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC's) framework, which included measures of 'Direct' and 'Indirect' costs. Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) were used to estimate hospitalization costs. RESULTS: A total of 54 two-wheel users enrolled in the study in all the countries and 32 completed all follow-up questionnaires. Physical disability increased over 12 months following the injury. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms of avoidance remained at high levels over the study period. PTSD symptoms of intrusion improved significantly during the second half of the year under investigation. The total annual cost of injury for the two-wheel users who were hospitalized in the selected ICU of all the partner countries for severe injury in 2013/2014, was estimated at €714,491 made up of €123,457 direct and €591,034 indirect costs. Men, aged 50-64 years and those who sustained slight injuries primarily at the lower extremities presented higher indirect costs per person. A total of €1032.092 was spent on hospitalization payments. Women, aged 65+ and those who sustained severe injuries at the central body region presented higher direct costs per person. Women, aged 50-64 years, those with severe injuries and a major injury at the central body and the upper body region presented the highest hospitalization costs per person. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for effective strategies to early detect and treat groups at risk of being confronted with prolonged psychosocial and economic consequences. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: A holistic understanding of the impact of injury on individuals is important in order to achieve effective treatment of psychological co-morbidities in a timely manner.
Authors: Cuiyan Wang; María Inmaculada López-Núñez; Riyu Pan; Xiaoyang Wan; Yilin Tan; Linkang Xu; Faith Choo; Roger Ho; Cyrus Ho; Marta E Aparicio García Journal: JMIR Form Res Date: 2021-05-21
Authors: Chi Linh Hoang; Hai Minh Vu; Hai Quang Pham; Huong Lan Thi Nguyen; Linh Gia Vu; Bach Xuan Tran; Carl A Latkin; Roger C M Ho; Cyrus S H Ho Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2020-05-14 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Cuiyan Wang; Agata Chudzicka-Czupała; Michael L Tee; María Inmaculada López Núñez; Connor Tripp; Mohammad A Fardin; Hina A Habib; Bach X Tran; Katarzyna Adamus; Joseph Anlacan; Marta E Aparicio García; Damian Grabowski; Shahzad Hussain; Men T Hoang; Mateusz Hetnał; Xuan T Le; Wenfang Ma; Hai Q Pham; Patrick Wincy C Reyes; Mahmoud Shirazi; Yilin Tan; Cherica A Tee; Linkang Xu; Ziqi Xu; Giang T Vu; Danqing Zhou; Natalie A Chan; Vipat Kuruchittham; Roger S McIntyre; Cyrus S H Ho; Roger Ho; Samuel F Sears Journal: Sci Rep Date: 2021-03-19 Impact factor: 4.379
Authors: Men Thi Hoang; Khanh Nam Do; Hai Quang Pham; Cuong Tat Nguyen; Giang Hai Ha; Giang Thu Vu; Bach Xuan Tran; Carl Latkin; Roger C M Ho; Cyrus Sh Ho Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2020-08-06 Impact factor: 2.692
Authors: Sarah Najm Abdulwahid; Moamin A Mahmoud; Bilal Bahaa Zaidan; Abdullah Hussein Alamoodi; Salem Garfan; Mohammed Talal; Aws Alaa Zaidan Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-03-17 Impact factor: 3.390