Notoginsenoside R1 protects oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced injury by upregulation of miR-21 in cardiomyocytes.

Notoginsenoside R1 (NG-R1) is a major component of Panax notoginseng, which has been used clinically for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy for centuries in China. This study aimed to reveal the functional impacts and the underlying mechanisms of NG-R1 on oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-injured cardiomyocytes. Rat cardiomyocyte line H9c2 and primary cardiomyocytes were subjected to OGD with or without NG-R1 treatment. The expression levels of miR-21 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the cell were altered by microRNA, vector or short-hairpin RNA transfections. Thereafter, changes in cell viability, apoptosis, and PI3K/AKT signaling were monitored. NG-R1 with low concentrations had no impact on H9c2 cells viability, but 80 μM of NG-R1 significantly reduced cell viability. NG-R1 (20 μM) protected H9c2 cells and primary cardiomyocytes against OGD-induced cell damage, as cell viability was increased, apoptotic cell rate was reduced, and Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and -9 were downregulated by addition of NG-R1. MiR-21 was low expressed in response to OGD exposure, while was highly expressed by NG-R1 treatment. PTEN was a direct target of miR-21. More interestingly, OGD-induced cell damage could be recovered by miR-21 overexpression or PTEN silence. Furthermore, PTEN silence recovered OGD-blocked PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. To conclude, this study demonstrated that NG-R1 exerted remarkable benefits in reduction of OGD-induced cardiomyocyte loss. The cardioprotective actions of NG-R1 possibly via upregulation of miR-21, repressing the expression of miR-21's target PTEN and thereby preventing the blockage of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.