Immunological functions of the gut--role of the mucosal immune system.

This review summarizes recent information about immune responses in the intestinal mucosa with emphasis on the role of orally-administered antigens from the external environment. The intestinal mucosa provides an extensive surface for potential absorption of pathogenic environmental antigens, such as microbes, chemicals, and food. The intestinal mucosa is densely populated by IgA-producing plasma cells. The humoral immune responses to antigens in the intestinal mucosa are largely of the IgA class in secretory form (sIgA). This sIgA provides an immunological barrier to absorption of antigens on the mucosal epithelium and to penetration into the body. The cell-mediated immune mechanism is also equipped in the mucosal sites. In addition, the mucosal immune response induces hyporesponsiveness of nonmucosal (systemic) immune reactions, and the liver is an integral part of the mucosal immune system. Thus we consider that the mucosal immune system plays a central role in the maintenance of the homeostasis of the total immune system.